diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f515728..a38cf3a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1443,6 +1443,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
  "termina",
  "thiserror 2.0.21",
+ "unicode-segmentation",
  "unicode-width",
 ]
 
@@ -1530,6 +1531,7 @@ name = "ghostty-font"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
+ "cc",
  "freetype-sys",
  "ghostty-config",
  "ghostty-datastruct",
@@ -1686,6 +1688,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "ghostty-core",
  "ghostty-crash",
  "ghostty-os",
+ "ghostty-terminal",
+ "ghostty-vt",
  "log",
  "rustix",
  "serde_json",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 24d0d95..755ded4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ ghostty-os.workspace = true
 log = "0.4"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-rustix = { version = "1", features = ["process"] }
+ghostty-terminal.workspace = true
+ghostty-vt.workspace = true
+rustix = { version = "1", features = ["process", "pty", "termios", "fs", "stdio"] }
 serde_json = "1"
 tempfile = "3"
 
@@ -78,6 +80,8 @@ ghostty-lib = { path = "crates/ghostty-lib" }
 
 [workspace.lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "forbid"
+# `--cfg wine` is set by scripts/windows-wine-test.sh to ignore Wine limitations.
+unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ["cfg(wine)"] }
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e5998f4..c6a5a64 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ All of Ghostty's Zig code is ported: the Linux GTK app (verified at runtime
 and pixel-identical to Ghostty 1.3.1), the `libghostty` and `libghostty-vt`
 C APIs (same headers/ABI), WASM, crash reporting, and the macOS
 (Metal/CoreText) and Windows (ConPTY) code paths. macOS and Windows are
-compile-checked on Linux (`just check-macos`, `just check-windows`) but have
+compile-checked on Linux (`just check-macos`, `just check-windows`); the
+Windows test suites also run under Wine (`just test-windows-wine`), macOS has
 not been run natively. The Swift macOS app is not part of the port; it is a
 client of the libghostty C API.
 
@@ -63,6 +64,8 @@ build (see `docs/rewrite/notes/perf-P1.md`).
   Ghostty's own Zig code (sets up Zig 0.15.2 under `target/`).
 - `just visual-parity` — pixel comparison against the installed Ghostty in a
   headless nested weston.
+- `just test-windows-wine` — runs the Windows test suites (incl. ConPTY /
+  `cmd.exe` end-to-end tests) under Wine with mingw-w64.
 - `just check-all` — native gate plus macOS/Windows/WASM checks.
 
 ## Documentation
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/Cargo.toml b/crates/ghostty-cli/Cargo.toml
index a235b26..e3d19dc 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ ratatui = "0.30.2"
 termina = "0.3.3"
 thiserror = "2.0.21"
 unicode-width = "0.2.2"
+unicode-segmentation = "1.13.3"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 ghostty-helpgen.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes.rs b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes.rs
index dcb612e..4b2ff16 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes.rs
@@ -387,7 +387,13 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!("Zeta (resources)\n", list(ColorScheme::Light, false));
         assert_eq!(
-            format!("Zeta (resources) {}/themes/Zeta\n", res.as_encoded()),
+            format!(
+                "Zeta (resources) {}\n",
+                std::path::Path::new(res.as_encoded())
+                    .join("themes")
+                    .join("Zeta")
+                    .display()
+            ),
             list(ColorScheme::Light, true)
         );
     }
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes/preview.rs b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes/preview.rs
index 2754f95..cc29f51 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/list_themes/preview.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ use ratatui::{
     layout::{Position, Rect},
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
 };
+use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation as _;
 
 use super::{
     ColorScheme,
@@ -62,102 +63,137 @@ pub enum Scheme {
     Dark,
 }
 
-/// A minimal single line text input (`vaxis.widgets.TextInput`).
+/// A single line text input (`vaxis.widgets.TextInput`). The cursor is a
+/// byte offset (always on a grapheme boundary) and all editing follows
+/// vaxis: grapheme-wise left/right/delete, byte-wise (ASCII space) words.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct TextInput {
     pub text: String,
-    /// Cursor position in chars.
+    /// Cursor position in bytes.
     pub cursor: usize,
 }
 
+/// Byte length of the first grapheme of `s` (0 when empty).
+fn first_grapheme_len(s: &str) -> usize {
+    s.graphemes(true).next().map_or(0, str::len)
+}
+
+/// Byte length of the last grapheme of `s` (0 when empty).
+fn last_grapheme_len(s: &str) -> usize {
+    s.graphemes(true).next_back().map_or(0, str::len)
+}
+
 impl TextInput {
-    fn byte_idx(&self, chars: usize) -> usize {
-        self.text
-            .char_indices()
-            .nth(chars)
-            .map_or(self.text.len(), |(i, _)| i)
-    }
-
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.text.chars().count()
-    }
-
     pub fn clear(&mut self) {
         self.text.clear();
         self.cursor = 0;
     }
 
-    /// Handle an editing key. Returns true if it was consumed.
+    fn move_left(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor = self.cursor.saturating_sub(n);
+    }
+
+    fn move_right(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor = (self.cursor + n).min(self.text.len());
+    }
+
+    /// Delete `n` bytes before the cursor (`growGapLeft`).
+    fn delete_left(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let start = self.cursor.saturating_sub(n);
+        self.text.drain(start..self.cursor);
+        self.cursor = start;
+    }
+
+    /// Delete `n` bytes after the cursor (`growGapRight`).
+    fn delete_right(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let end = (self.cursor + n).min(self.text.len());
+        self.text.drain(self.cursor..end);
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes from the cursor to the end of the next word (`moveForwardWordwise`).
+    fn forward_word_len(&self) -> usize {
+        let second = &self.text.as_bytes()[self.cursor..];
+        let start = second.iter().take_while(|&&b| b == b' ').count();
+        second[start..]
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&b| b == b' ')
+            .map_or(second.len(), |p| start + p)
+    }
+
+    /// Bytes from the cursor back to the start of the previous word
+    /// (`moveBackwardWordwise`).
+    fn backward_word_len(&self) -> usize {
+        let first = self.text[..self.cursor].trim_end_matches(' ');
+        let idx = first.rfind(' ').map_or(0, |last| last + 1);
+        self.cursor - idx
+    }
+
+    /// Handle an editing key (`TextInput.update`). Returns true if it was
+    /// consumed.
     pub fn update(&mut self, key: &KeyEvent) -> bool {
-        let ctrl = key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL);
-        let alt = key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::ALT);
-        match key.code {
-            KeyCode::Char(c) if !ctrl && !alt => {
-                let at = self.byte_idx(self.cursor);
-                self.text.insert(at, c);
-                self.cursor += 1;
-            }
-            KeyCode::Backspace => {
-                if self.cursor > 0 {
-                    let at = self.byte_idx(self.cursor - 1);
-                    self.text.remove(at);
-                    self.cursor -= 1;
-                }
-            }
-            KeyCode::Delete | KeyCode::Char('d') if key.code == KeyCode::Delete || ctrl => {
-                if self.cursor < self.len() {
-                    let at = self.byte_idx(self.cursor);
-                    self.text.remove(at);
-                }
-            }
-            KeyCode::Left | KeyCode::Char('b') if key.code == KeyCode::Left || ctrl => {
-                self.cursor = self.cursor.saturating_sub(1);
-            }
-            KeyCode::Right | KeyCode::Char('f') if key.code == KeyCode::Right || ctrl => {
-                self.cursor = (self.cursor + 1).min(self.len());
-            }
-            KeyCode::Home => self.cursor = 0,
-            KeyCode::Char('a') if ctrl => self.cursor = 0,
-            KeyCode::End => self.cursor = self.len(),
-            KeyCode::Char('e') if ctrl => self.cursor = self.len(),
-            KeyCode::Char('u') if ctrl => {
-                let at = self.byte_idx(self.cursor);
-                self.text.drain(..at);
-                self.cursor = 0;
-            }
-            KeyCode::Char('k') if ctrl => {
-                let at = self.byte_idx(self.cursor);
-                self.text.truncate(at);
-            }
-            KeyCode::Char('w') if ctrl => {
-                let upto = self.byte_idx(self.cursor);
-                let head = self.text[..upto].trim_end_matches(' ');
-                let new_end = head.rfind(' ').map_or(0, |i| i + 1);
-                self.text.drain(new_end..upto);
-                self.cursor = self.text[..new_end].chars().count();
-            }
-            _ => return false,
+        // vaxis `Key.matches` compares the modifiers exactly (lock keys
+        // aside), except that text input tolerates Shift.
+        let m = key.modifiers;
+        let none = m.is_empty();
+        let only = |x: KeyModifiers| m == x;
+        let ctrl = only(KeyModifiers::CONTROL);
+        let alt = only(KeyModifiers::ALT);
+        let code = key.code;
+        let c = |ch: char| code == KeyCode::Char(ch);
+        if none && code == KeyCode::Backspace {
+            self.delete_left(last_grapheme_len(&self.text[..self.cursor]));
+        } else if (none && code == KeyCode::Delete) || (ctrl && c('d')) {
+            self.delete_right(first_grapheme_len(&self.text[self.cursor..]));
+        } else if (none && code == KeyCode::Left) || (ctrl && c('b')) {
+            self.move_left(last_grapheme_len(&self.text[..self.cursor]));
+        } else if (none && code == KeyCode::Right) || (ctrl && c('f')) {
+            self.move_right(first_grapheme_len(&self.text[self.cursor..]));
+        } else if (ctrl && c('a')) || (none && code == KeyCode::Home) {
+            self.cursor = 0;
+        } else if (ctrl && c('e')) || (none && code == KeyCode::End) {
+            self.cursor = self.text.len();
+        } else if ctrl && c('k') {
+            self.text.truncate(self.cursor);
+        } else if ctrl && c('u') {
+            self.delete_left(self.cursor);
+        } else if alt && (c('b') || code == KeyCode::Left) {
+            self.move_left(self.backward_word_len());
+        } else if alt && (c('f') || code == KeyCode::Right) {
+            self.move_right(self.forward_word_len());
+        } else if (ctrl && c('w')) || (alt && code == KeyCode::Backspace) {
+            // Move one word backward, then delete what was moved over.
+            let n = self.backward_word_len();
+            self.move_left(n);
+            self.delete_right(n);
+        } else if alt && c('d') {
+            self.delete_right(self.forward_word_len());
+        } else if let KeyCode::Char(ch) = code
+            && (none || only(KeyModifiers::SHIFT))
+        {
+            self.text.insert(self.cursor, ch);
+            self.cursor += ch.len_utf8();
+        } else {
+            return false;
         }
         true
     }
 }
 
 /// `zf.rank` with `.plain = true, .to_lower = true`: every token must match
-/// the (lowercased) name as a subsequence. Only whether a rank exists is used
-/// by the preview, so the score is a simple span length (lower is better).
+/// the (ASCII-lowercased) name as a subsequence of bytes. Only whether a
+/// rank exists is used by the preview, so the score is a simple span length
+/// (lower is better).
 #[must_use]
 pub fn rank(name: &str, tokens: &[&str]) -> Option<f64> {
-    let name: Vec<char> = name.to_lowercase().chars().collect();
+    let name: Vec<u8> = name.to_ascii_lowercase().into_bytes();
     let mut total = 0.0;
     for token in tokens {
-        let token: Vec<char> = token.chars().collect();
+        let token = token.as_bytes();
         if token.is_empty() {
             continue;
         }
         // Prefer a contiguous match.
-        let contiguous = name
-            .windows(token.len())
-            .position(|w| w == token.as_slice());
+        let contiguous = name.windows(token.len()).position(|w| w == token);
         if let Some(start) = contiguous {
             total += start as f64;
             continue;
@@ -380,23 +416,8 @@ pub struct Preview {
     overlays: Vec<Overlay>,
 }
 
-fn initial_scheme() -> Scheme {
-    // COLORFGBG is "fg;bg" (sometimes "fg;default;bg"); bg 0-6 and 8 are dark.
-    if let Ok(v) = std::env::var("COLORFGBG") {
-        if let Some(bg) = v.rsplit(';').next().and_then(|s| s.parse::<u8>().ok()) {
-            return if bg <= 6 || bg == 8 {
-                Scheme::Dark
-            } else {
-                Scheme::Light
-            };
-        }
-    }
-    Scheme::Light
-}
-
 impl Preview {
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(themes: Vec<ThemeListElement>, theme_filter: ColorScheme) -> Preview {
+    pub fn new(themes: Vec<ThemeListElement>, theme_filter: ColorScheme) -> Result<Preview, Error> {
         let mut p = Preview {
             should_quit: false,
             themes,
@@ -405,7 +426,7 @@ impl Preview {
             window: 0,
             hex: false,
             mode: Mode::Normal,
-            color_scheme: initial_scheme(),
+            color_scheme: Scheme::Light,
             text_input: TextInput::default(),
             theme_filter,
             mouse: None,
@@ -415,12 +436,12 @@ impl Preview {
             effects: vec![],
             overlays: vec![],
         };
-        p.update_filtered();
-        p
+        p.update_filtered()?;
+        Ok(p)
     }
 
     /// Recompute the filtered theme list (Zig: `updateFiltered`).
-    pub fn update_filtered(&mut self) {
+    pub fn update_filtered(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let relative = self.current.saturating_sub(self.window);
         let selected: Option<String> = self
             .filtered
@@ -436,8 +457,7 @@ impl Preview {
         let searching = !self.text_input.text.is_empty();
 
         for (i, theme) in self.themes.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            // Errors are ignored here (Zig would abort the whole preview).
-            let _ = theme_config.load_file(&absolute_path(&theme.path));
+            theme_config.load_file(&absolute_path(&theme.path))?;
             if !should_include_theme(self.theme_filter, &theme_config) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -453,13 +473,13 @@ impl Preview {
         }
 
         if old == self.filtered {
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         if self.filtered.is_empty() {
             self.current = 0;
             self.window = 0;
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         let (current, window) = (|| {
@@ -485,6 +505,7 @@ impl Preview {
         })();
         self.current = current;
         self.window = window;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn up(&mut self, count: usize) {
@@ -516,15 +537,16 @@ impl Preview {
     }
 
     /// Handle a terminal event (Zig: `update`).
-    pub fn update(&mut self, event: &Event) {
+    pub fn update(&mut self, event: &Event) -> Result<(), Error> {
         match event {
-            Event::Key(key) if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Release => self.update_key(key),
+            Event::Key(key) if key.kind != KeyEventKind::Release => self.update_key(key)?,
             Event::Mouse(m) => self.mouse = Some(*m),
             _ => {}
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn update_key(&mut self, key: &KeyEvent) {
+    fn update_key(&mut self, key: &KeyEvent) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let ctrl = key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL);
         let shift = key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::SHIFT);
         let plain = key.modifiers.difference(KeyModifiers::SHIFT).is_empty();
@@ -553,7 +575,7 @@ impl Preview {
                 }
                 if ctrl && matches!(code, KeyCode::Char('x' | '/' | '_')) {
                     self.text_input.clear();
-                    self.update_filtered();
+                    self.update_filtered()?;
                 }
                 if plain && code == KeyCode::Home {
                     self.current = 0;
@@ -599,7 +621,7 @@ impl Preview {
                         ColorScheme::Dark => ColorScheme::Light,
                         ColorScheme::Light => ColorScheme::All,
                     };
-                    self.update_filtered();
+                    self.update_filtered()?;
                 }
             }
             Mode::Help => {
@@ -619,15 +641,15 @@ impl Preview {
             Mode::Search => {
                 if plain && matches!(code, KeyCode::Esc | KeyCode::Enter) {
                     self.mode = Mode::Normal;
-                    return;
+                    return Ok(());
                 }
                 if ctrl && matches!(code, KeyCode::Char('x' | '/' | '_')) {
                     self.text_input.clear();
-                    self.update_filtered();
-                    return;
+                    self.update_filtered()?;
+                    return Ok(());
                 }
                 self.text_input.update(key);
-                self.update_filtered();
+                self.update_filtered()?;
             }
             Mode::Save => {
                 if is_char('q') {
@@ -641,6 +663,7 @@ impl Preview {
                 }
             }
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn save_selected_theme(&self) {
@@ -849,12 +872,7 @@ impl Preview {
                     self.ui_standard(),
                 );
                 child.print(&self.text_input.text, self.ui_standard(), 0, 0);
-                let col = gw(&self
-                    .text_input
-                    .text
-                    .chars()
-                    .take(self.text_input.cursor)
-                    .collect::<String>());
+                let col = gw(&self.text_input.text[..self.text_input.cursor]);
                 if col < child.area.width {
                     cursor = Some(Position::new(child.area.x + col, child.area.y));
                 }
@@ -1653,15 +1671,15 @@ fn convert_mouse(m: termina::event::MouseEvent) -> MouseEvent {
 /// color-scheme report (`CSI ? 997 ; 1|2 n`, sent in answer to
 /// `CSI ? 996 n` and on every change while `CSI ? 2031 h` is active), which
 /// vaxis delivers as its `color_scheme` event.
-fn handle_terminal_event(app: &mut Preview, ev: termina::Event) {
+fn handle_terminal_event(app: &mut Preview, ev: termina::Event) -> Result<(), Error> {
     use termina::escape::csi::{Csi, Mode, ThemeMode};
     match ev {
         termina::Event::Key(k) => {
             if let Some(k) = convert_key(k) {
-                app.update(&Event::Key(k));
+                app.update(&Event::Key(k))?;
             }
         }
-        termina::Event::Mouse(m) => app.update(&Event::Mouse(convert_mouse(m))),
+        termina::Event::Mouse(m) => app.update(&Event::Mouse(convert_mouse(m)))?,
         termina::Event::Csi(Csi::Mode(Mode::ReportTheme(t))) => {
             app.color_scheme = match t {
                 ThemeMode::Dark => Scheme::Dark,
@@ -1670,11 +1688,12 @@ fn handle_terminal_event(app: &mut Preview, ev: termina::Event) {
         }
         _ => {}
     }
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Run the interactive preview (Zig: `preview`). Blocks until the user quits.
 pub fn preview(themes: Vec<ThemeListElement>, theme_filter: ColorScheme) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let mut app = Preview::new(themes, theme_filter);
+    let mut app = Preview::new(themes, theme_filter)?;
     run_loop(&mut app)
 }
 
@@ -1727,10 +1746,10 @@ fn run_loop(app: &mut Preview) -> Result<(), Error> {
 
             // Block for an event, then drain everything that is pending.
             let first = tty.read(|_| true)?;
-            handle_terminal_event(app, first);
+            handle_terminal_event(app, first)?;
             while tty.poll(|_| true, Some(std::time::Duration::ZERO))? {
                 let ev = tty.read(|_| true)?;
-                handle_terminal_event(app, ev);
+                handle_terminal_event(app, ev)?;
             }
             for effect in app.take_effects() {
                 match effect {
@@ -1811,7 +1830,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ("delta-light", "#f0f0f0"),
             ],
         );
-        let mut p = Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All);
+        let mut p = Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All).unwrap();
         p.color_scheme = Scheme::Light;
         p
     }
@@ -1833,28 +1852,28 @@ mod tests {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
         assert_eq!(4, p.filtered.len());
-        p.update(&ch('j'));
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Down));
+        p.update(&ch('j')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Down)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(2, p.current);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::PageDown));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::PageDown)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(3, p.current);
-        p.update(&ch('k'));
+        p.update(&ch('k')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(2, p.current);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::PageUp));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::PageUp)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(0, p.current);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::End));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::End)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(3, p.current);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Home));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Home)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(0, p.current);
         assert!(!p.should_quit);
-        p.update(&ch('q'));
+        p.update(&ch('q')).unwrap();
         assert!(p.should_quit);
 
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ctrl('c'));
+        p.update(&ctrl('c')).unwrap();
         assert!(p.should_quit);
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc)).unwrap();
         assert!(p.should_quit);
     }
 
@@ -1862,7 +1881,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn filter_cycles_and_filters() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('f'));
+        p.update(&ch('f')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(ColorScheme::Dark, p.theme_filter);
         let names: Vec<_> = p
             .filtered
@@ -1870,10 +1889,10 @@ mod tests {
             .map(|&i| p.themes[i].theme.as_str())
             .collect();
         assert_eq!(vec!["alpha", "gamma-dark"], names);
-        p.update(&ch('f'));
+        p.update(&ch('f')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(ColorScheme::Light, p.theme_filter);
         assert_eq!(2, p.filtered.len());
-        p.update(&ch('f'));
+        p.update(&ch('f')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(ColorScheme::All, p.theme_filter);
         assert_eq!(4, p.filtered.len());
     }
@@ -1882,25 +1901,25 @@ mod tests {
     fn search_mode() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('/'));
+        p.update(&ch('/')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Search, p.mode);
-        p.update(&ch('G'));
-        p.update(&ch('a'));
-        p.update(&ch('m'));
+        p.update(&ch('G')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('a')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('m')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!("Gam", p.text_input.text);
         assert_eq!(1, p.filtered.len());
         assert_eq!("gamma-dark", p.themes[p.filtered[0]].theme);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace));
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace));
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(4, p.filtered.len());
-        p.update(&ch('l'));
-        p.update(&ch('t'));
+        p.update(&ch('l')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('t')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(1, p.filtered.len()); // "delta-light" is the only match for "lt"
-        p.update(&ctrl('x'));
+        p.update(&ctrl('x')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!("", p.text_input.text);
         assert_eq!(4, p.filtered.len());
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Normal, p.mode);
     }
 
@@ -1908,19 +1927,19 @@ mod tests {
     fn hex_toggle_and_help_mode() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('x'));
+        p.update(&ch('x')).unwrap();
         assert!(p.hex);
-        p.update(&ch('d'));
+        p.update(&ch('d')).unwrap();
         assert!(!p.hex);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::F(1)));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::F(1))).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Help, p.mode);
         // Keys are modal: 'j' does nothing in help.
-        p.update(&ch('j'));
+        p.update(&ch('j')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(0, p.current);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Normal, p.mode);
         assert!(!p.should_quit);
-        p.update(&ch('?'));
+        p.update(&ch('?')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Help, p.mode);
     }
 
@@ -1928,11 +1947,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn copy_and_save() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('c'));
+        p.update(&ch('c')).unwrap();
         p.update(&Event::Key(KeyEvent::new(
             KeyCode::Char('C'),
             KeyModifiers::SHIFT,
-        )));
+        )))
+        .unwrap();
         let effects = p.take_effects();
         assert_eq!(
             Effect::Copy(ghostty_os::osbytes::EncodedOs::from_encoded("alpha")),
@@ -1947,11 +1967,11 @@ mod tests {
 
         let auto = tmp.path().join("cfg/auto/theme.ghostty");
         p.auto_theme_path = Some(auto.clone());
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Save, p.mode);
-        p.update(&ch('w'));
+        p.update(&ch('w')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!("theme = alpha\n", std::fs::read_to_string(&auto).unwrap());
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc)).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Mode::Normal, p.mode);
     }
 
@@ -1974,7 +1994,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn draw_layout() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('j'));
+        p.update(&ch('j')).unwrap();
         let buf = render(&mut p, 120, 60);
         // List on the left: selected item has the marker and the arrow at col 30.
         let r1 = row_text(&buf, 1);
@@ -2014,8 +2034,15 @@ mod tests {
             .iter()
             .find(|o| o.text == "alpha" && o.x == 2)
             .unwrap();
-        assert!(alpha.link.as_deref().unwrap().starts_with("file:///"));
-        assert!(alpha.link.as_deref().unwrap().ends_with("/alpha"));
+        // (On Windows the path is `C:\...`; Zig's `toUri` does not rewrite it,
+        // the backslashes are percent-encoded.)
+        let (prefix, suffix) = if cfg!(windows) {
+            ("file://", "%5Calpha")
+        } else {
+            ("file:///", "/alpha")
+        };
+        assert!(alpha.link.as_deref().unwrap().starts_with(prefix));
+        assert!(alpha.link.as_deref().unwrap().ends_with(suffix));
         // The five lorem ipsum words get their own underline overlays.
         let uls: Vec<(String, Ul)> = ov
             .iter()
@@ -2031,7 +2058,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
         // And the raw escapes carry OSC 8 and the 4:N styles.
         let raw = render_overlays(&ov);
-        assert!(raw.contains("\x1b]8;;file:///"));
+        assert!(raw.contains(&format!("\x1b]8;;{prefix}")));
         assert!(raw.contains("\x1b]8;;\x1b\\"));
         for sgr in ["4:2", "4:3", "4:4", "4:5"] {
             assert!(raw.contains(sgr), "{sgr}");
@@ -2042,7 +2069,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn popup_drops_covered_overlays() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('?'));
+        p.update(&ch('?')).unwrap();
         let _ = render(&mut p, 120, 40);
         // The help window covers the middle of the screen: no overlay may
         // intersect it.
@@ -2060,10 +2087,10 @@ mod tests {
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
         let mut parser = termina::Parser::default();
         parser.parse(b"\x1b[?997;1n", false);
-        handle_terminal_event(&mut p, parser.pop().unwrap());
+        handle_terminal_event(&mut p, parser.pop().unwrap()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Scheme::Dark, p.color_scheme);
         parser.parse(b"\x1b[?997;2n", false);
-        handle_terminal_event(&mut p, parser.pop().unwrap());
+        handle_terminal_event(&mut p, parser.pop().unwrap()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Scheme::Light, p.color_scheme);
     }
 
@@ -2085,7 +2112,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn draw_help_and_save_and_search_overlays() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('?'));
+        p.update(&ch('?')).unwrap();
         let buf = render(&mut p, 120, 40);
         let all: String = (0..40)
             .map(|y| row_text(&buf, y))
@@ -2094,8 +2121,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(all.contains("Cycle through theme filters."));
         assert!(all.contains('\u{256d}') && all.contains('\u{256f}'));
 
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc));
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter)).unwrap();
         let buf = render(&mut p, 120, 40);
         let all: String = (0..40)
             .map(|y| row_text(&buf, y))
@@ -2104,9 +2131,9 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(all.contains("theme = alpha"));
         assert!(all.contains("config-file = ?auto/theme.ghostty"));
 
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc));
-        p.update(&ch('/'));
-        p.update(&ch('b'));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('/')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('b')).unwrap();
         let mut buf = Buffer::empty(Rect::new(0, 0, 120, 40));
         let cursor = p.draw(&mut buf);
         assert!(cursor.is_some());
@@ -2116,18 +2143,18 @@ mod tests {
     fn empty_filter_shows_no_theme_found() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let mut p = app(&tmp);
-        p.update(&ch('/'));
-        p.update(&ch('z'));
-        p.update(&ch('z'));
+        p.update(&ch('/')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('z')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('z')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(0, p.filtered.len());
         let buf = render(&mut p, 80, 20);
         assert!(row_text(&buf, 9).contains("No theme found!"));
         // Navigation does not panic with an empty list.
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter));
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc));
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::End));
-        p.update(&ch('j'));
-        p.update(&ch('c'));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Enter)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Esc)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::End)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('j')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('c')).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(0, p.current);
     }
 
@@ -2157,17 +2184,19 @@ mod tests {
                 modifiers: KeyModifiers::NONE,
             })
         };
-        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::Up(MouseButton::Left), 2));
+        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::Up(MouseButton::Left), 2))
+            .unwrap();
         render(&mut p, 120, 30);
         assert_eq!(2, p.current);
-        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::ScrollUp, 0));
+        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::ScrollUp, 0)).unwrap();
         render(&mut p, 120, 30);
         assert_eq!(1, p.current);
-        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::ScrollDown, 0));
+        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::ScrollDown, 0)).unwrap();
         render(&mut p, 120, 30);
         assert_eq!(2, p.current);
         // Click below the last theme does nothing.
-        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::Up(MouseButton::Left), 20));
+        p.update(&mouse(MouseEventKind::Up(MouseButton::Left), 20))
+            .unwrap();
         render(&mut p, 120, 30);
         assert_eq!(2, p.current);
     }
@@ -2178,9 +2207,9 @@ mod tests {
         let names: Vec<String> = (0..40).map(|i| format!("theme{i:02}")).collect();
         let refs: Vec<(&str, &str)> = names.iter().map(|n| (n.as_str(), "#000000")).collect();
         let themes = make_themes(tmp.path(), &refs);
-        let mut p = Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All);
+        let mut p = Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All).unwrap();
         render(&mut p, 100, 10);
-        p.update(&key(KeyCode::PageDown));
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::PageDown)).unwrap();
         let buf = render(&mut p, 100, 10);
         assert_eq!(20, p.current);
         assert_eq!(11, p.window);
@@ -2215,6 +2244,163 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!("", t.text);
     }
 
+    fn typed(t: &mut TextInput, text: &str) {
+        for c in text.chars() {
+            t.update(&KeyEvent::new(KeyCode::Char(c), KeyModifiers::NONE));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn press(t: &mut TextInput, code: KeyCode, m: KeyModifiers) -> bool {
+        t.update(&KeyEvent::new(code, m))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_input_word_navigation_matches_vaxis() {
+        let alt = KeyModifiers::ALT;
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "blue red");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('b'), alt);
+        typed(&mut t, "X");
+        assert_eq!("blue Xred", t.text);
+
+        // Alt+B skips trailing spaces; Alt+Left is the same.
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "one two   ");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Left, alt);
+        assert_eq!(4, t.cursor);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('b'), alt);
+        assert_eq!(0, t.cursor);
+        // Alt+F: skips leading spaces then stops before the next space.
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('f'), alt);
+        assert_eq!(3, t.cursor);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Right, alt);
+        assert_eq!(7, t.cursor);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('f'), alt);
+        assert_eq!(10, t.cursor);
+
+        // Alt+D deletes forward to the end of the next word.
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "one two three");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Home, KeyModifiers::NONE);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('d'), alt);
+        assert_eq!(" two three", t.text);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('d'), alt);
+        assert_eq!(" three", t.text);
+
+        // Ctrl+W and Alt+Backspace delete the previous word.
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "one two three");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('w'), KeyModifiers::CONTROL);
+        assert_eq!("one two ", t.text);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Backspace, alt);
+        assert_eq!("one ", t.text);
+        assert_eq!(4, t.cursor);
+
+        // Ctrl+D / Ctrl+B / Ctrl+F / Ctrl+A / Ctrl+E / Ctrl+U / Ctrl+K.
+        let ctrl = KeyModifiers::CONTROL;
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "abcdef");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('b'), ctrl);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('b'), ctrl);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('d'), ctrl);
+        assert_eq!("abcdf", t.text);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('f'), ctrl);
+        assert_eq!(5, t.cursor);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('a'), ctrl);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('f'), ctrl);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('k'), ctrl);
+        assert_eq!("a", t.text);
+        typed(&mut t, "bc");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('b'), ctrl);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('u'), ctrl);
+        assert_eq!("c", t.text);
+        assert_eq!(0, t.cursor);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('e'), ctrl);
+        assert_eq!(1, t.cursor);
+
+        // Modifiers must match exactly: Ctrl+Left is not a plain Left and
+        // Alt+x is not text.
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "ab");
+        assert!(!press(&mut t, KeyCode::Left, ctrl));
+        assert!(!press(&mut t, KeyCode::Char('x'), alt));
+        assert_eq!("ab", t.text);
+        assert_eq!(2, t.cursor);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_input_is_grapheme_aware() {
+        let none = KeyModifiers::NONE;
+        // Backspace removes the whole cluster (e + combining acute).
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, "xe\u{301}");
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Backspace, none);
+        assert_eq!("x", t.text);
+
+        // Left/Right/Delete move over a whole ZWJ emoji sequence.
+        let astronaut = "\u{1f469}\u{200d}\u{1f680}";
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, &format!("a{astronaut}b"));
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Left, none);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Left, none);
+        assert_eq!(1, t.cursor);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Delete, none);
+        assert_eq!("ab", t.text);
+
+        let mut t = TextInput::default();
+        typed(&mut t, &format!("{astronaut}{astronaut}"));
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Home, none);
+        press(&mut t, KeyCode::Right, none);
+        assert_eq!(astronaut.len(), t.cursor);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rank_folds_ascii_only() {
+        // A non-ASCII capital is not folded on either side.
+        assert!(rank("\u{c4}", &["\u{c4}"]).is_some());
+        assert!(rank("\u{c4}", &["\u{e4}"]).is_none());
+        assert!(rank("\u{e4}", &["\u{c4}"]).is_none());
+        // ASCII is folded in the name (the query is lowered by the caller).
+        assert!(rank("Catppuccin", &["cat"]).is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn search_with_non_ascii_query_matches_like_zig() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let themes = make_themes(
+            tmp.path(),
+            &[("\u{c4}rger", "#000000"), ("plain", "#000000")],
+        );
+        let mut p = Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('/')).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('\u{c4}')).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(1, p.filtered.len());
+        p.update(&key(KeyCode::Backspace)).unwrap();
+        p.update(&ch('\u{e4}')).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(0, p.filtered.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn initial_scheme_is_light_regardless_of_colorfgbg() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let themes = make_themes(tmp.path(), &[("a", "#000000")]);
+        let p = temp_env::with_var("COLORFGBG", Some("15;0"), || {
+            Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All).unwrap()
+        });
+        assert_eq!(Scheme::Light, p.color_scheme);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn load_file_error_propagates() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut themes = make_themes(tmp.path(), &[("a", "#000000")]);
+        // A theme file with an unreadable path: a path below a regular file.
+        let bad = tmp.path().join("a").join("nope");
+        themes[0].path = ghostty_os::osbytes::EncodedOs::from_path(&bad);
+        let result = Preview::new(themes, ColorScheme::All);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn base64_encoding() {
         assert_eq!("", base64(b""));
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/new_window.rs b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/new_window.rs
index ba26b29..d45d2f2 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/new_window.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/new_window.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl Options {
                 .map_err(|e| ArgError::Other(e.to_string()))?;
             let realpath = expanded
                 .to_path()
-                .and_then(std::fs::canonicalize)
+                .and_then(ghostty_os::path::realpath)
                 .map_err(|e| ArgError::Other(e.to_string()))?;
             self.working_directory_seen = true;
             return Ok(Some(
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn run_args(args: &[impl AsRef<[u8]>], stderr: &mut dyn std::io::Write) -> Resul
 
     if !opts.working_directory_seen {
         // This should be inserted at the beginning of the list, just in case `-e` was used.
-        let wd = std::fs::canonicalize(".")?;
+        let wd = ghostty_os::path::realpath(".")?;
         opts.arguments.insert(
             0,
             [
@@ -309,8 +309,13 @@ mod tests {
     fn working_directory_is_resolved() {
         let o = parse_str("--working-directory=/");
         assert!(o.working_directory_seen);
+        // The root resolves to `Z:\` under Wine / `C:\` on Windows.
+        let root = format!(
+            "--working-directory={}",
+            ghostty_os::path::realpath("/").unwrap().display()
+        );
         assert_eq!(
-            vec!["--working-directory=/"],
+            vec![root.as_str()],
             o.arguments
                 .iter()
                 .map(|v| std::str::from_utf8(v).unwrap())
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache.rs b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache.rs
index 09654a6..4eea8d2 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache.rs
@@ -216,6 +216,10 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        wine,
+        ignore = "wine: ntdll NtSetInformationFile(FileRenameInformationEx, REPLACE_IF_EXISTS|POSIX_SEMANTICS) is unsupported (\"unsupported flags: 0x3\"), so std::fs::rename over an existing file fails with ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED; real Windows supports it"
+    )]
     fn add_list_host_remove_clear() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let cache = DiskCache {
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache/disk_cache.rs b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache/disk_cache.rs
index 76b3559..222af6d 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache/disk_cache.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/ssh_cache/disk_cache.rs
@@ -416,6 +416,10 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        wine,
+        ignore = "wine: ntdll NtSetInformationFile(FileRenameInformationEx, REPLACE_IF_EXISTS|POSIX_SEMANTICS) is unsupported (\"unsupported flags: 0x3\"), so std::fs::rename over an existing file fails with ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED; real Windows supports it"
+    )]
     fn disk_cache_operations() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let path = tmp.path().join("cache");
@@ -438,6 +442,10 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        wine,
+        ignore = "wine: ntdll NtSetInformationFile(FileRenameInformationEx, REPLACE_IF_EXISTS|POSIX_SEMANTICS) is unsupported (\"unsupported flags: 0x3\"), so std::fs::rename over an existing file fails with ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED; real Windows supports it"
+    )]
     fn disk_cache_cleans_up_temp_files() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let cache = DiskCache {
@@ -467,6 +475,10 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        wine,
+        ignore = "wine: ntdll NtSetInformationFile(FileRenameInformationEx, REPLACE_IF_EXISTS|POSIX_SEMANTICS) is unsupported (\"unsupported flags: 0x3\"), so std::fs::rename over an existing file fails with ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED; real Windows supports it"
+    )]
     fn disk_cache_invalid_host() {
         let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
         let cache = DiskCache {
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/validate_config.rs b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/validate_config.rs
index 7e13de4..11c2124 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-cli/src/validate_config.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-cli/src/validate_config.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn run_inner(opts: &Options, stdout: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<u8, Error> {
     if let Some(config_path) = &opts.config_file {
         // Byte-preserving: the option string carries non-UTF-8 bytes via the
         // reversible `osbytes` escape and the canonical path may too.
-        let abs_path = std::fs::canonicalize(config_path.to_path()?)?;
+        let abs_path = ghostty_os::path::realpath(config_path.to_path()?)?;
         cfg.load_file(&EncodedOs::from_path(&abs_path))?;
         cfg.load_recursive_files()?;
     } else {
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-config/src/config.rs b/crates/ghostty-config/src/config.rs
index b717767..3cefeda 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-config/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-config/src/config.rs
@@ -4216,7 +4216,7 @@ impl Config {
 
         // Any paths referenced from the CLI are relative to the current working
         // directory.
-        let cwd = std::fs::canonicalize(".")?;
+        let cwd = crate::path::realpath(".")?;
         self.expand_paths(&EncodedOs::from_path(&cwd))?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -5115,12 +5115,22 @@ mod tests {
     fn write_theme(td: &TempDir, name: &str, data: &str) -> String {
         let p = td.path().join(name);
         std::fs::write(&p, data).unwrap();
-        std::fs::canonicalize(&p)
+        crate::path::realpath(&p)
             .unwrap()
             .to_string_lossy()
             .into_owned()
     }
 
+    /// A path as a `light:`/`dark:` pair value. Backslashes are escapes in
+    /// the pair syntax (as in Zig), so Windows paths must be quoted.
+    fn pair_value(path: &str) -> String {
+        if cfg!(windows) {
+            format!("\"{}\"", path.replace('\\', "\\\\"))
+        } else {
+            path.to_owned()
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn handle_bom_in_config_files() {
         {
@@ -5223,7 +5233,11 @@ mod tests {
         let dark = write_theme(&td, "theme_dark", include_str!("testdata/theme_dark"));
 
         let mut cfg_light = Config::default();
-        let mut i = it(&[&format!("--theme=light:{light},dark:{dark}")]);
+        let mut i = it(&[&format!(
+            "--theme=light:{},dark:{}",
+            pair_value(&light),
+            pair_value(&dark)
+        )]);
         cfg_light.load_iter(&mut i).unwrap();
         cfg_light.finalize().unwrap();
 
@@ -5407,7 +5421,11 @@ mod tests {
         let td = TempDir::init().unwrap();
         let light = write_theme(&td, "theme_light", include_str!("testdata/theme_light"));
         let dark = write_theme(&td, "theme_dark", include_str!("testdata/theme_dark"));
-        let arg = format!("--theme=light:{light},dark:{dark}");
+        let arg = format!(
+            "--theme=light:{},dark:{}",
+            pair_value(&light),
+            pair_value(&dark)
+        );
 
         // Light
         {
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-config/src/file_load.rs b/crates/ghostty-config/src/file_load.rs
index 33dd3c4..e0a3fba 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-config/src/file_load.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-config/src/file_load.rs
@@ -211,7 +211,15 @@ mod tests {
             open(&e("/nonexistent/ghostty/file")).unwrap_err(),
             OpenFileError::FileNotFound
         );
-        assert_eq!(open(&e("/tmp")).unwrap_err(), OpenFileError::NotAFile);
+        // Windows opens a directory with `ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED` (Zig 0.15's
+        // `OpenFile` maps FILE_IS_A_DIRECTORY to AccessDenied as well), which
+        // is an "unexpected" open error there.
+        let dir_err = if cfg!(windows) {
+            OpenFileError::FileOpenFailed
+        } else {
+            OpenFileError::NotAFile
+        };
+        assert_eq!(open(&e("/tmp")).unwrap_err(), dir_err);
         let p = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ghostty-file-load-{}", std::process::id()));
         std::fs::write(&p, "").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-config/src/path.rs b/crates/ghostty-config/src/path.rs
index d84a978..47bb1d1 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-config/src/path.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-config/src/path.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl Path {
         std::fs::read_dir(&base_path)?;
 
         let full = base_path.join(path.to_syscall_path()?);
-        let abs = match std::fs::canonicalize(&full) {
+        let abs = match realpath(&full) {
             Ok(p) => EncodedOs::from_path(&p),
             Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                 // The file doesn't exist. Try to resolve the relative path
@@ -276,6 +276,18 @@ impl ConfigField for RepeatablePath {
     }
 }
 
+/// `posix.realpath`: the canonical path without the `\\?\` verbatim prefix
+/// `std::fs::canonicalize` adds on Windows (Zig's `realpath` has none).
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub(crate) fn realpath(path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    ghostty_os::path::realpath(path)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub(crate) fn realpath(path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    std::fs::canonicalize(path)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
 mod tests {
@@ -391,7 +403,14 @@ mod tests {
         let mut diags = DiagnosticList::default();
         let mut p = Path::Required(e("../nope/x.conf"));
         p.expand(&e("/tmp"), &mut diags).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(p, Path::Required(e("/nope/x.conf")));
+        // Resolved lexically with the platform's separator (`\nope\x.conf`
+        // on Windows, like Zig's `std.fs.path.resolve`).
+        let expected = if cfg!(windows) {
+            "\\nope\\x.conf"
+        } else {
+            "/nope/x.conf"
+        };
+        assert_eq!(p, Path::Required(e(expected)));
 
         let mut p = Path::Optional(e("/abs/path"));
         p.expand(&e("/tmp"), &mut diags).unwrap();
@@ -403,7 +422,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn expand_interior_nul_resolves_the_c_string_prefix_like_zig() {
         let tmp = ghostty_os::TempDir::init().unwrap();
-        let base = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let base = realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
         std::fs::write(base.join("exists"), b"x").unwrap();
 
         // The syscall sees only the prefix, which exists: the real path of
@@ -429,7 +448,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn expand_symlink_to_non_utf8_target_round_trips() {
         use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
         let tmp = ghostty_os::TempDir::init().unwrap();
-        let base = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let base = realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
         let target = base.join(std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(b"t\xffarget"));
         std::fs::write(&target, b"x").unwrap();
         std::os::unix::fs::symlink(&target, base.join("link")).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-config/src/theme.rs b/crates/ghostty-config/src/theme.rs
index 318878b..2cb9d06 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-config/src/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-config/src/theme.rs
@@ -381,9 +381,14 @@ mod tests {
         );
         let mut d = DiagnosticList::default();
         assert!(open(&e("/tmp"), None, &mut d).is_none());
+        // Windows cannot open a directory as a file (AccessDenied).
         assert_eq!(
             d.items()[0].message,
-            "not reading theme from \"/tmp\": it is a directory"
+            if cfg!(windows) {
+                "failed to load theme from the path \"/tmp\": error.AccessDenied"
+            } else {
+                "not reading theme from \"/tmp\": it is a directory"
+            }
         );
     }
 
@@ -469,7 +474,11 @@ mod tests {
             let mut d = DiagnosticList::default();
             assert!(open(&e(name), Some(&EncodedOs::from_path(&dir)), &mut d).is_none());
             assert!(
-                d.items()[0].message.ends_with("it is a directory"),
+                d.items()[0].message.ends_with(if cfg!(windows) {
+                    "error.AccessDenied"
+                } else {
+                    "it is a directory"
+                }),
                 "{}",
                 d.items()[0].message
             );
@@ -484,7 +493,10 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::write(dir.join("themes/mytheme-zzz"), "background = #000000\n").unwrap();
         let mut d = DiagnosticList::default();
         let t = open(&e("mytheme-zzz"), Some(&EncodedOs::from_path(&dir)), &mut d).unwrap();
-        assert!(t.path.ends_with_plain("themes/mytheme-zzz"));
+        assert!(
+            t.path
+                .ends_with_plain(&format!("themes{}mytheme-zzz", std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR))
+        );
         assert!(d.is_empty());
         std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
     }
@@ -493,7 +505,13 @@ mod tests {
     fn theme_not_found_lists_tried_paths() {
         let mut d = DiagnosticList::default();
         assert!(open(&e("nope-zzz"), Some(&e("/nonexistent-res")), &mut d).is_none());
-        assert!(d.items().iter().any(|x| x.message
-            == "theme \"nope-zzz\" not found, tried path \"/nonexistent-res/themes/nope-zzz\""));
+        let tried = std::path::Path::new("/nonexistent-res")
+            .join("themes")
+            .join("nope-zzz");
+        let want = format!(
+            "theme \"nope-zzz\" not found, tried path \"{}\"",
+            tried.display()
+        );
+        assert!(d.items().iter().any(|x| x.message == want));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-core/src/surface/binding.rs b/crates/ghostty-core/src/surface/binding.rs
index 662e8e5..df1175a 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-core/src/surface/binding.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-core/src/surface/binding.rs
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ pub fn write_screen_temp_file(
         let mut file = opts.open(&file_path)?;
         file.write_all(contents.as_bytes())?;
         file.flush()?;
-        Ok(std::fs::canonicalize(&file_path)?)
+        Ok(ghostty_os::path::realpath(&file_path)?)
     })();
 
     match result {
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-font/Cargo.toml b/crates/ghostty-font/Cargo.toml
index 368b51b..8be5062 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-font/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ghostty-font/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@ objc2-core-graphics = "0.3.2"
 objc2-core-text = "0.3.2"
 objc2-foundation = "0.3.2"
 
+# Compiles `hb-ft.cc` for the bundled HarfBuzz on Windows (see build.rs).
+[build-dependencies]
+cc = "1"
+
 [features]
 default = []
 # CoreText for discovery, FreeType for rendering, HarfBuzz for shaping
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-font/build.rs b/crates/ghostty-font/build.rs
index a6bfe12..40bde78 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-font/build.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-font/build.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 fn main() {
     println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    build_harfbuzz_freetype_glue();
     for c in [
         "font_freetype",
         "font_fontconfig",
@@ -77,3 +78,50 @@ fn main() {
     on("font_coretext_shaper", coretext && !harfbuzz && !ct_noshape);
     on("font_noshape", coretext && !harfbuzz && ct_noshape);
 }
+
+/// The bundled HarfBuzz (`harfbuzz-sys` `bundled`, used on Windows where there
+/// is no system copy) is compiled without `HAVE_FREETYPE`, so `hb_ft_*` is
+/// missing. Zig builds HarfBuzz with FreeType enabled (`pkg/harfbuzz`
+/// `-DHAVE_FREETYPE=1`), so compile `hb-ft.cc` against the bundled FreeType
+/// headers here.
+fn build_harfbuzz_freetype_glue() {
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+    if std::env::var("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_OS").as_deref() != Ok("windows") {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(hb_src) = std::env::var_os("DEP_HARFBUZZ_INCLUDE").map(PathBuf::from) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    // `<registry>/harfbuzz-sys-X/harfbuzz/src` -> `<registry>/freetype-sys-*/freetype2/include`.
+    let Some(registry) = hb_src.ancestors().nth(3) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let ft_include = std::fs::read_dir(registry)
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| {
+            p.file_name()
+                .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
+                .is_some_and(|n| n.starts_with("freetype-sys-"))
+        })
+        .map(|p| p.join("freetype2").join("include"))
+        .find(|p| p.join("ft2build.h").exists());
+    let Some(ft_include) = ft_include else {
+        println!("cargo:warning=bundled FreeType headers not found; hb_ft_* will be missing");
+        return;
+    };
+    let mut cfg = cc::Build::new();
+    cfg.cpp(true)
+        .flag_if_supported("-std=c++11")
+        .warnings(false)
+        .define("HAVE_FREETYPE", "1")
+        .include(&hb_src)
+        .include(&ft_include)
+        .file(hb_src.join("hb-ft.cc"));
+    if std::env::var("TARGET").is_ok_and(|t| t.contains("windows-gnu")) {
+        cfg.flag("-Wa,-mbig-obj");
+    }
+    cfg.compile("ghostty_hb_ft");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-os/src/i18n.rs b/crates/ghostty-os/src/i18n.rs
index d9df52d..9d26c20 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-os/src/i18n.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-os/src/i18n.rs
@@ -245,6 +245,15 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn init_is_a_noop_on_windows() {
+        // i18n is unsupported on Windows (Zig returns before looking at it).
+        assert!(init(std::path::Path::new("ghostty")).is_ok());
+        assert!(init(std::path::Path::new("/")).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
     fn init_rejects_dirless_resources_dir() {
         assert!(matches!(
             init(std::path::Path::new("ghostty")),
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-os/src/path.rs b/crates/ghostty-os/src/path.rs
index 40ac59f..a2dae66 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-os/src/path.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-os/src/path.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,39 @@ pub enum Error {
     Io(#[from] io::Error),
 }
 
+/// `std.fs.Dir.realpath` / `posix.realpath`: the canonical absolute path.
+///
+/// `std::fs::canonicalize` returns an extended-length `\\?\C:\...` path on
+/// Windows, while Zig's `realpath` (`GetFinalPathNameByHandle` through the NT
+/// object name) yields the plain DOS path `C:\...`. The verbatim form rejects
+/// `/` separators and is not accepted as a working directory by `cmd.exe`, so
+/// it must not leak into config values or child processes.
+pub fn realpath(path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
+    let real = std::fs::canonicalize(path)?;
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    let real = strip_verbatim_prefix(real);
+    Ok(real)
+}
+
+/// Turn `\\?\C:\x` into `C:\x` and `\\?\UNC\srv\share\x` into
+/// `\\srv\share\x`; other paths are returned unchanged.
+#[cfg_attr(not(windows), allow(dead_code))]
+pub(crate) fn strip_verbatim_prefix(path: PathBuf) -> PathBuf {
+    let Some(s) = path.to_str() else {
+        return path;
+    };
+    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix(r"\\?\UNC\") {
+        return PathBuf::from(format!(r"\\{rest}"));
+    }
+    if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix(r"\\?\") {
+        let b = rest.as_bytes();
+        if b.len() >= 2 && b[0].is_ascii_alphabetic() && b[1] == b':' {
+            return PathBuf::from(rest);
+        }
+    }
+    path
+}
+
 /// Search for "cmd" in the PATH and return the absolute path. Non-UTF-8
 /// bytes are carried via [`crate::osbytes`]; see [`expand_os`].
 pub fn expand(cmd: &crate::osbytes::EncodedOs) -> Result<Option<crate::osbytes::EncodedOs>, Error> {
@@ -104,6 +137,24 @@ fn is_executable(_meta: &std::fs::Metadata) -> bool {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn strip_verbatim_prefix_cases() {
+        let t = |a: &str| strip_verbatim_prefix(PathBuf::from(a));
+        assert_eq!(t(r"\\?\C:\a\b"), PathBuf::from(r"C:\a\b"));
+        assert_eq!(t(r"\\?\UNC\srv\share\x"), PathBuf::from(r"\\srv\share\x"));
+        assert_eq!(t(r"\\?\GLOBALROOT\x"), PathBuf::from(r"\\?\GLOBALROOT\x"));
+        assert_eq!(t(r"C:\a"), PathBuf::from(r"C:\a"));
+        assert_eq!(t("/usr/bin"), PathBuf::from("/usr/bin"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn realpath_has_no_verbatim_prefix() {
+        let tmp = crate::TempDir::init().unwrap();
+        let p = realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        assert!(!p.to_string_lossy().starts_with(r"\\?\"), "{p:?}");
+        assert!(p.is_dir());
+    }
+
     /// Plain-text wrapper over [`expand`] for the literals used below.
     fn expand(cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, Error> {
         super::expand(&crate::osbytes::EncodedOs::from_plain_text(cmd))
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-os/src/xev.rs b/crates/ghostty-os/src/xev.rs
index 1b7e3e4..fb590f6 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-os/src/xev.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-os/src/xev.rs
@@ -180,7 +180,13 @@ mod tests {
         let _g = LOCK.lock().unwrap();
         detect().unwrap();
         let before = backend();
-        assert!(!prefer(Backend::Iocp));
+        // Iocp is the Windows candidate; Epoll is never one there.
+        let non_candidate = if cfg!(windows) {
+            Backend::Epoll
+        } else {
+            Backend::Iocp
+        };
+        assert!(!prefer(non_candidate));
         assert_eq!(backend(), before);
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-terminal/src/kitty/graphics_image.rs b/crates/ghostty-terminal/src/kitty/graphics_image.rs
index bb7411a..e4efbc3 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-terminal/src/kitty/graphics_image.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-terminal/src/kitty/graphics_image.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,17 @@ fn os_path_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<std::ffi::OsString> {
     std::str::from_utf8(bytes).ok().map(Into::into)
 }
 
+/// `posix.realpath` (no `\\?\` verbatim prefix on Windows, like Zig).
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn realpath(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    ghostty_os::path::realpath(path)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn realpath(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    std::fs::canonicalize(path)
+}
+
 use ghostty_vt::kitty::graphics_command::{
     Command,
     Display,
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ impl LoadingImage {
                     log::warn!("failed to get absolute path: BadPathName");
                     return Err(Error::InvalidData);
                 };
-                let path = match std::fs::canonicalize(Path::new(&os_path)) {
+                let path = match realpath(Path::new(&os_path)) {
                     Ok(p) => p,
                     Err(err) => {
                         log::warn!("failed to get absolute path: {err}");
@@ -600,7 +611,7 @@ fn is_path_in_temp_dir_with(path: &[u8], tmp_dir: Option<std::ffi::OsString>) ->
 
         // The temporary dir is sometimes a symlink. On macOS for
         // example /tmp is /private/var/...
-        if let Ok(real_dir) = std::fs::canonicalize(&dir)
+        if let Ok(real_dir) = realpath(&dir)
             && path.starts_with(real_dir.as_os_str().as_bytes())
         {
             return true;
@@ -779,11 +790,7 @@ mod tests {
         fn write(&self, name: &str, data: &[u8]) -> String {
             let p = self.0.join(name);
             std::fs::write(&p, data).unwrap();
-            std::fs::canonicalize(p)
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_str()
-                .unwrap()
-                .to_owned()
+            realpath(p).unwrap().to_str().unwrap().to_owned()
         }
     }
     impl Drop for TmpDir {
@@ -1032,17 +1039,23 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn image_load_rejects_proc_and_nul_paths() {
-        let c = cmd(
-            Transmission {
-                format: TransmissionFormat::Rgb,
-                medium: TransmissionMedium::File,
-                width: 1,
-                height: 1,
-                ..Transmission::default()
-            },
-            b"/proc/self/status",
-        );
-        assert_eq!(LoadingImage::init(&c).unwrap_err(), Error::InvalidData);
+        // The `/proc/` guard is a prefix check on the canonical path, which
+        // on Windows is a drive path (Wine even maps `/proc` through `Z:`),
+        // so it only applies to POSIX.
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            let c = cmd(
+                Transmission {
+                    format: TransmissionFormat::Rgb,
+                    medium: TransmissionMedium::File,
+                    width: 1,
+                    height: 1,
+                    ..Transmission::default()
+                },
+                b"/proc/self/status",
+            );
+            assert_eq!(LoadingImage::init(&c).unwrap_err(), Error::InvalidData);
+        }
         let c = cmd(
             Transmission {
                 medium: TransmissionMedium::File,
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-termio/Cargo.toml b/crates/ghostty-termio/Cargo.toml
index 0a5c990..87c1e00 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-termio/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ghostty-termio/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ windows-sys = { version = "0.61", features = [
 # and only allowed on minimal, SAFETY-commented items.
 [lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "deny"
+unexpected_cfgs = { level = "warn", check-cfg = ["cfg(wine)"] }
 
 [lints.clippy]
 pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-termio/src/shell_integration.rs b/crates/ghostty-termio/src/shell_integration.rs
index 90b39c8..ef5b8ba 100644
--- a/crates/ghostty-termio/src/shell_integration.rs
+++ b/crates/ghostty-termio/src/shell_integration.rs
@@ -452,7 +452,9 @@ mod tests {
 
         fn new(shell: Shell) -> Self {
             let tmp = TempDir::init().unwrap();
-            let path = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path())
+            // (`canonicalize` would give a `\\?\` verbatim path on Windows,
+            // which rejects the `/` separators used below.)
+            let path = ghostty_os::path::realpath(tmp.path())
                 .unwrap()
                 .to_string_lossy()
                 .into_owned();
@@ -814,7 +816,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn bash_missing_resources() {
         let tmp = TempDir::init().unwrap();
-        let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let dir = ghostty_os::path::realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
         let mut env = EnvMap::new();
         assert!(
             setup_bash(&sh("bash"), &EncodedOs::from_path(&dir), &mut env)
@@ -838,7 +840,11 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            format!("{}/shell-integration:/usr/local/share:/usr/share", res.path),
+            format!(
+                "{}/shell-integration{}/usr/local/share:/usr/share",
+                res.path,
+                if cfg!(windows) { ';' } else { ':' }
+            ),
             env.get("XDG_DATA_DIRS").unwrap().to_str().unwrap()
         );
     }
@@ -858,7 +864,11 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            format!("{}/shell-integration:/opt/share", res.path),
+            format!(
+                "{}/shell-integration{}/opt/share",
+                res.path,
+                if cfg!(windows) { ';' } else { ':' }
+            ),
             env.get("XDG_DATA_DIRS").unwrap().to_str().unwrap()
         );
     }
@@ -866,7 +876,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn xdg_missing_resources() {
         let tmp = TempDir::init().unwrap();
-        let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let dir = ghostty_os::path::realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
         let mut env = EnvMap::new();
         assert!(!setup_xdg_data_dirs(&EncodedOs::from_path(&dir), &mut env));
         assert_eq!(0, env.len());
@@ -914,7 +924,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn nushell_missing_resources() {
         let tmp = TempDir::init().unwrap();
-        let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let dir = ghostty_os::path::realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
         let mut env = EnvMap::new();
         assert!(setup_nushell(&sh("nu"), &EncodedOs::from_path(&dir), &mut env).is_none());
         assert_eq!(0, env.len());
@@ -955,7 +965,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn zsh_missing_resources() {
         let tmp = TempDir::init().unwrap();
-        let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(tmp.path()).unwrap();
+        let dir = ghostty_os::path::realpath(tmp.path()).unwrap();
         let mut env = EnvMap::new();
         assert!(setup_zsh(&sh("zsh"), &EncodedOs::from_path(&dir), &mut env).is_none());
         assert_eq!(0, env.len());
diff --git a/crates/ghostty-termio/tests/exec_windows.rs b/crates/ghostty-termio/tests/exec_windows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..225b7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ghostty-termio/tests/exec_windows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+#![cfg(windows)]
+#![allow(clippy::unwrap_used, unsafe_code)]
+//! End-to-end tests of the Windows backend: real `cmd.exe` children on a real
+//! ConPTY, driven through `Termio` + `Thread` (IO thread: `WaitForMultipleObjects`
+//! loop) + the pipe read thread, against a real `Terminal`. Counterpart of
+//! `exec_integration` (Unix). Runs under Wine via `scripts/windows-wine-test.sh`.
+
+use std::{
+    sync::{
+        Arc,
+        Mutex,
+        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+    },
+    thread::JoinHandle,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver, Sender, unbounded};
+use ghostty_apprt::surface::Message as SurfaceMessage;
+use ghostty_config::{
+    command::Command as ConfigCommand,
+    config::Config,
+    types_b::ShellIntegration,
+};
+use ghostty_datastruct::blocking_queue::Timeout;
+use ghostty_renderer::{
+    message::Message as RendererMessage,
+    size::{CellSize, Padding, ScreenSize, Size},
+};
+use ghostty_termio::{
+    Mailbox,
+    Options,
+    RendererMailbox,
+    SharedState,
+    SharedStateExt,
+    SurfaceMailbox,
+    Termio,
+    Thread,
+    Wakeup,
+    backend::{self, Backend},
+    exec,
+    message::Message,
+    termio::DerivedConfig,
+};
+
+struct SurfaceRec(Sender<SurfaceMessage>);
+
+impl SurfaceMailbox for SurfaceRec {
+    fn push(&self, msg: SurfaceMessage, _t: Timeout) -> usize {
+        let _ = self.0.send(msg);
+        1
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct RendererRec {
+    resizes: Mutex<Vec<Size>>,
+    wakeups: AtomicUsize,
+}
+
+impl RendererMailbox for RendererRec {
+    fn push(&self, msg: RendererMessage, _t: Timeout) -> usize {
+        match msg {
+            RendererMessage::Resize(s) => self.resizes.lock().unwrap().push(s),
+            RendererMessage::ResetCursorBlink => {
+                self.wakeups.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        1
+    }
+}
+
+fn size(cols: u32, rows: u32) -> Size {
+    Size {
+        screen: ScreenSize {
+            width: cols * 10,
+            height: rows * 20,
+        },
+        cell: CellSize {
+            width: 10,
+            height: 20,
+        },
+        padding: Padding::default(),
+    }
+}
+
+struct Fixture {
+    state: SharedState,
+    mailbox: Mailbox,
+    stop: Wakeup,
+    thread: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
+    surface: Receiver<SurfaceMessage>,
+    renderer: Arc<RendererRec>,
+}
+
+fn start(command: ConfigCommand) -> Fixture {
+    start_with(command, |_| {})
+}
+
+fn start_with(command: ConfigCommand, tweak: impl FnOnce(&mut exec::Config)) -> Fixture {
+    let config = Config::default();
+    let mut ecfg = exec::Config::new(
+        ghostty_os::env::get_env_map(),
+        ghostty_os::osbytes::EncodedOs::from_plain_text("xterm-256color"),
+    );
+    ecfg.command = Some(command);
+    ecfg.shell_integration = ShellIntegration::None;
+    // A short cwd keeps the cmd.exe prompt from wrapping at 80 columns.
+    ecfg.working_directory = Some(ghostty_os::osbytes::EncodedOs::from_plain_text(r"C:\"));
+    tweak(&mut ecfg);
+
+    let mailbox = Mailbox::new().unwrap();
+    let (tx, surface) = unbounded();
+    let renderer = Arc::new(RendererRec::default());
+    let termio = Termio::init(Options {
+        size: size(80, 30),
+        full_config: &config,
+        config: DerivedConfig::new(&config),
+        backend: Backend::new(backend::Config::Exec(ecfg)).unwrap(),
+        mailbox: mailbox.clone(),
+        renderer_wakeup: Wakeup::new().unwrap(),
+        renderer_mailbox: renderer.clone(),
+        surface_mailbox: Arc::new(SurfaceRec(tx)),
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    let state = Arc::clone(termio.renderer_state());
+
+    let thread = Thread::new().unwrap();
+    let stop = thread.stop_handle();
+    let handle = std::thread::Builder::new()
+        .name("io".into())
+        .spawn(move || thread.thread_main(termio))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    Fixture {
+        state,
+        mailbox,
+        stop,
+        thread: Some(handle),
+        surface,
+        renderer,
+    }
+}
+
+fn cmd(args: &[&str]) -> ConfigCommand {
+    let mut v = vec!["cmd.exe".into()];
+    v.extend(args.iter().map(|s| (*s).into()));
+    ConfigCommand::Direct(v)
+}
+
+impl Fixture {
+    fn text(&self) -> String {
+        self.state.lock_terminal().plain_string().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn send(&self, msg: Message) {
+        self.mailbox.send(msg);
+        self.mailbox.notify();
+    }
+
+    fn write(&self, data: &[u8]) {
+        self.send(Message::write_req(data));
+    }
+
+    fn wait_for<T>(&self, what: &str, mut f: impl FnMut(&Fixture) -> Option<T>) -> T {
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(30);
+        loop {
+            if let Some(v) = f(self) {
+                return v;
+            }
+            assert!(
+                Instant::now() < deadline,
+                "timed out waiting for {what}; terminal text = {:?}",
+                self.text()
+            );
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn wait_text(&self, needle: &str) {
+        self.wait_for(&format!("text {needle:?}"), |f| {
+            f.text().contains(needle).then_some(())
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Wait for the ChildExited surface message: (exit code, runtime ms).
+    fn wait_exit(&self) -> (u32, u64) {
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(30);
+        let mut seen = Vec::new();
+        loop {
+            let left = deadline.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
+            let msg = self.surface.recv_timeout(left).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                panic!(
+                    "timed out waiting for child exit; seen={seen:?}; text={:?}",
+                    self.text()
+                )
+            });
+            if let SurfaceMessage::ChildExited(c) = msg {
+                return (c.exit_code, c.runtime_ms);
+            }
+            seen.push(msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn stop(&mut self) {
+        self.stop.notify().unwrap();
+        if let Some(t) = self.thread.take() {
+            t.join().unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Fixture {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = self.stop.notify();
+        if let Some(t) = self.thread.take() {
+            let _ = t.join();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn echo_output_reaches_terminal_and_exit_is_reported() {
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&["/c", "echo hi"]));
+    let (code, runtime_ms) = f.wait_exit();
+    assert_eq!(code, 0);
+    assert!(runtime_ms < 30_000);
+    // The reader thread may still be draining the pipe after the exit event.
+    f.wait_text("hi");
+    assert!(f.renderer.wakeups.load(Ordering::SeqCst) >= 1);
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nonzero_exit_code_is_reported() {
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&["/c", "exit 7"]));
+    let (code, _) = f.wait_exit();
+    assert_eq!(code, 7);
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn exec_failure_is_reported_in_the_terminal() {
+    // Unlike the Unix fork+exec path (child exits with 1), `CreateProcessW`
+    // failing is a start error: the IO thread prints the error into the
+    // terminal and goes into drain mode (same as Zig's `threadEnter`).
+    let mut f = start(ConfigCommand::Direct(vec![
+        r"C:\definitely\not\here.exe".into(),
+    ]));
+    f.wait_text("error starting IO thread");
+    f.wait_text("This terminal is non-functional");
+    // Messages are swallowed in drain mode and stop still works.
+    f.write(b"ignored");
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shell_command_runs_through_windir_cmd() {
+    // `ConfigCommand::Shell` => `%WINDIR%\System32\cmd.exe /C <command>`.
+    let mut f = start(ConfigCommand::Shell("echo shell-cmd-ok & exit 4".into()));
+    let (code, _) = f.wait_exit();
+    assert_eq!(code, 4);
+    f.wait_text("shell-cmd-ok");
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn writes_reach_the_child_and_exit_code_follows() {
+    // Interactive cmd.exe: type a command, then exit with a code.
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&[]));
+    f.write(b"echo mk1\r\n");
+    f.wait_for("command output", |f| {
+        // Once echoed by conhost with the prompt, once printed by `echo`.
+        (f.text().matches("mk1").count() >= 2).then_some(())
+    });
+    f.write(b"exit 5\r\n");
+    let (code, _) = f.wait_exit();
+    assert_eq!(code, 5);
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn large_write_is_delivered_in_order() {
+    // ~120 KiB typed into an interactive cmd.exe: exercises the writer
+    // thread's overlapped WriteFile queue together with the reader.
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&[]));
+    f.wait_text(">");
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    for i in 0..2000 {
+        data.extend_from_slice(format!("rem {i:05} {}\r\n", "x".repeat(50)).as_bytes());
+    }
+    data.extend_from_slice(b"echo done-%OS:~0,1%-end\r\n");
+    for chunk in data.chunks(4096) {
+        f.write(chunk);
+    }
+    // `%OS%` is Windows_NT: the expansion proves cmd.exe executed the line
+    // after consuming every preceding byte.
+    f.wait_text("done-W-end");
+    f.write(b"exit 0\r\n");
+    f.wait_exit();
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+/// Not a test by itself: the child process of `resize_is_applied_to_the_pseudo_console`
+/// (this test binary re-run on the pseudo console). Prints the console window
+/// size on startup and after every line read from stdin; `q` quits.
+#[test]
+fn child_console_size() {
+    use std::io::BufRead;
+
+    use windows_sys::Win32::System::Console::{
+        CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO,
+        GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo,
+        GetStdHandle,
+        STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE,
+    };
+    if std::env::var_os("GHOSTTY_WINE_CHILD").is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let report = || {
+        let mut info: CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+        let ok =
+            unsafe { GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), &raw mut info) };
+        let w = i32::from(info.srWindow.Right) - i32::from(info.srWindow.Left) + 1;
+        let h = i32::from(info.srWindow.Bottom) - i32::from(info.srWindow.Top) + 1;
+        println!("SIZE ok={ok} {w}x{h} END");
+    };
+    report();
+    for line in std::io::stdin().lock().lines() {
+        if line.unwrap_or_default().trim() == "q" {
+            break;
+        }
+        report();
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn resize_message_resizes_terminal_and_pseudo_console_call_succeeds() {
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&[]));
+    f.wait_text(">");
+    for i in 0..10u32 {
+        f.send(Message::Resize(size(60 + i, 20 + i)));
+    }
+    f.send(Message::Resize(size(100, 40)));
+    f.wait_for("terminal resize", |f| {
+        let t = f.state.lock_terminal();
+        ((t.cols, t.rows) == (100, 40)).then_some(())
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        *f.renderer.resizes.lock().unwrap().last().unwrap(),
+        size(100, 40)
+    );
+    // The child is still alive and answering after ResizePseudoConsole.
+    f.write(b"echo after-resize\r\n");
+    f.wait_for("echo after resize", |f| {
+        (f.text().matches("after-resize").count() >= 2).then_some(())
+    });
+    f.write(b"exit 0\r\n");
+    f.wait_exit();
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    wine,
+    ignore = "wine: ResizePseudoConsole is a stub (\"fixme:console:ResizePseudoConsole (100,40) stub, faking success\"), the child never sees the new size"
+)]
+fn resize_is_applied_to_the_pseudo_console() {
+    let exe = std::env::current_exe().unwrap().display().to_string();
+    let mut f = start_with(
+        ConfigCommand::Direct(vec![
+            exe.into(),
+            "--exact".into(),
+            "child_console_size".into(),
+            "--nocapture".into(),
+        ]),
+        |c| {
+            c.env.insert("GHOSTTY_WINE_CHILD", "1");
+        },
+    );
+    // size(80, 30) is what the pty was created with.
+    f.wait_text("SIZE ok=1 80x30 END");
+    f.send(Message::Resize(size(100, 40)));
+    f.wait_for("terminal resize", |f| {
+        let t = f.state.lock_terminal();
+        ((t.cols, t.rows) == (100, 40)).then_some(())
+    });
+    // ResizePseudoConsole is synchronous with the message; ask the child.
+    f.write(b"\r\n");
+    f.wait_text("SIZE ok=1 100x40 END");
+    f.write(b"q\r\n");
+    let (code, _) = f.wait_exit();
+    assert_eq!(code, 0);
+    f.stop();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stop_terminates_a_running_child() {
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&[]));
+    f.wait_text(">");
+    let started = Instant::now();
+    f.stop();
+    assert!(
+        started.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(10),
+        "stop took {:?}",
+        started.elapsed()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn writes_after_exit_are_ignored_and_thread_stays_alive_until_stopped() {
+    let mut f = start(cmd(&["/c", "exit 0"]));
+    let (code, _) = f.wait_exit();
+    assert_eq!(code, 0);
+    f.write(b"data nobody reads");
+    f.send(Message::Focused(true));
+    f.send(Message::Resize(size(90, 25)));
+    f.wait_for("resize after exit", |f| {
+        (f.state.lock_terminal().cols == 90).then_some(())
+    });
+    f.stop();
+}
diff --git a/docs/rewrite/KNOWN_DIFFERENCES.md b/docs/rewrite/KNOWN_DIFFERENCES.md
index 4e4fb01..a441abf 100644
--- a/docs/rewrite/KNOWN_DIFFERENCES.md
+++ b/docs/rewrite/KNOWN_DIFFERENCES.md
@@ -1,24 +1,15 @@
 # Known differences (left by the stopping criterion)
 
-These are known minor differences between the Rust port and Ghostty 1.3.1
-found in the final audit (RV18, `notes/review-rv18-codex.md`). They were
-recorded, not fixed, because the stopping criterion in `PLAN.md` does not
-require chasing P3 items. All are severity P3. Each was verified from source
-and, where noted, by PTY reproduction.
-
-| # | Area | Rust | Zig | Observable effect | Sev |
-|---|------|------|-----|-------------------|-----|
-| 5 | Theme search: word navigation | `ghostty-cli/src/list_themes/preview.rs:113` has no word-navigation editing | upstream list-themes search has word navigation | Enter `blue red`, Alt+B, `X`: Zig gives `blue Xred`, Rust `blue redX` | P3 |
-| 6 | Theme search: grapheme backspace | `preview.rs:100` deletes one Unicode scalar | deletes one grapheme | `e` + U+0301 then Backspace: Zig removes both, Rust leaves `e` | P3 |
-| 7 | Theme search: non-ASCII case | `preview.rs:150` Unicode-lowercases theme names but ASCII-lowercases the query | ASCII-only on both sides | Query `Ä` does not match theme `Ä` in Rust, matches in Zig | P3 |
-| 8 | Theme preview: initial colors | `preview.rs:385` consults `COLORFGBG` | starts light until terminal color reports arrive | Without terminal replies, changing `COLORFGBG` changes Rust's colors only | P3 |
-| 9 | Theme preview: load errors | `preview.rs:440` ignores `load_file` errors and keeps filtering with the retained config | the error propagates and the preview exits | A config load error is silently swallowed in Rust | P3 |
-| 10 | Subprocess cleanup cap | `ghostty-termio/src/exec.rs:1348` waits at most about 5 s for the child's new process group | keeps waiting | If the child is delayed before `setsid` for longer, Rust returns without sending SIGHUP | P3 |
+All previously listed differences (rows 5-10: theme-search word navigation,
+grapheme backspace, ASCII-only case folding, initial preview colors, load_file
+error propagation, subprocess cleanup wait) have been fixed; see
+`notes/final-P3.md` (row 10 is registered as a deviant fix in
+`DEVIANT_FIXES.md`). No known differences are currently recorded here.
 
 ## Not verifiable on this machine
 
 - Native Apple execution: Metal, IOSurface, CoreText, Apple input APIs, Mach handling and Apple packaging (compile-checked only, `just check-macos`).
-- Windows ConPTY and Win32 behavior (compile-checked only, `just check-windows`).
+- Native Windows (real Windows console host, Windows-only APIs Wine stubs: `ResizePseudoConsole` is a Wine stub, POSIX-semantics rename over an existing file is unsupported by Wine). The Windows code paths are otherwise run under Wine (`just test-windows-wine`, see `notes/windows-wine.md`): ConPTY, `CreateProcessW`, pipes, the IO thread and `cmd.exe` children are runtime-tested; `just check-windows` stays the clippy gate.
 - Native FreeBSD execution (cross `cargo check` only, if the target could be added).
 - Live portal / D-Bus integration.
 - Real-browser rendering (wasm is checked with Node only).
diff --git a/docs/rewrite/notes/final-P3.md b/docs/rewrite/notes/final-P3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb5ae16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/rewrite/notes/final-P3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# P3: KNOWN_DIFFERENCES rows 5-10
+
+* 5/6 `ghostty-cli/src/list_themes/preview.rs` `TextInput` is now a port of
+  `vaxis.widgets.TextInput`: byte cursor, grapheme-wise Backspace/Delete/Left/Right
+  (`unicode-segmentation`), ASCII-space words for Alt+B/F (and Alt+Left/Right),
+  Ctrl+W / Alt+Backspace, Alt+D, Ctrl+A/E/K/U/B/F/D. Modifiers must match exactly
+  (vaxis `Key.matches`), e.g. Ctrl+Left is not Left.
+* 7 `rank` lowers only ASCII and compares bytes (zf `std.ascii.toLower`).
+* 8 `initial_scheme`/`COLORFGBG` removed: light until a color-scheme report arrives.
+* 9 `Preview::new`, `update_filtered`, `update`, `handle_terminal_event` return
+  `Result`; `load_file` errors propagate and end the preview (exit code 1, as Zig).
+* 10 `ghostty-termio/src/exec.rs` `getpgid`: no 5 s cap, waits like Zig. Deviation
+  (DEVIANT_FIXES.md #13): Zig spins forever if the child died before `setsid`
+  and is an unreaped zombie (pgid stays ours); Rust stops when `waitid(WNOWAIT)`
+  reports the child exited.
+
+Tests: unit tests in `preview.rs` and `exec.rs`; PTY tests in
+`tests/list_themes_pty.rs` (Rust binary vs `/usr/bin/ghostty`, oracle part skipped
+when absent; uses `setsid --ctty`, needs util-linux).
+
+Observed, not fixed (outside rows 5-10): a ZWJ emoji cluster (woman+ZWJ+rocket) in
+the search box is drawn by Rust without the second emoji; Zig draws it.
diff --git a/docs/rewrite/notes/windows-wine.md b/docs/rewrite/notes/windows-wine.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43b65fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/rewrite/notes/windows-wine.md
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# Windows code under Wine (agent WINE)
+
+`just test-windows-wine` (= `scripts/windows-wine-test.sh [cargo test args]`)
+runs the `x86_64-pc-windows-gnu` test binaries under Wine 11.19 (staging) with
+the mingw-w64 toolchain. Dedicated `WINEPREFIX=target/wine-prefix`,
+`WINEDEBUG=-all`, no display (console tests only). `RUSTC_WRAPPER=` (kache
+breaks cc-rs), `RUSTFLAGS=--cfg wine` (lets tests mark Wine limitations as
+ignored; `cfg(wine)` is declared in the workspace lints and ghostty-termio),
+`WINEPATH` for the mingw runtime DLLs (libstdc++ from the bundled HarfBuzz).
+
+## Native dependencies
+
+Linking needs real libraries. The script builds them once into
+`target/wine-deps/prefix` (like Ghostty, from source): expat 2.6.4 (tarball is
+downloaded, or `EXPAT_TARBALL=`), FreeType (the sources vendored in
+`freetype-sys`) and fontconfig 2.14.2 (zig package cache copy, `FONTCONFIG_SRC=`,
+or a download) with cmake/meson cross builds. HarfBuzz/FreeType/oniguruma for
+the `-sys` crates come from their bundled features as before.
+
+## What ran (final run, exit 0)
+
+| crate | passed | ignored |
+|---|---|---|
+| ghostty-vt | 486 | 1 (pre-existing) |
+| ghostty-unicode | 20 | 0 |
+| ghostty-datastruct | 88 | 0 |
+| ghostty-input | 237 | 0 |
+| ghostty-os | 97 | 0 |
+| ghostty-config | 283 + 7 + 4 (integration) | 0 |
+| ghostty-terminal | 1275 | 0 |
+| ghostty-crash | 33 | 0 |
+| ghostty-termio | 107 lib + 2 golden + 10 `exec_windows` | 1 (Wine) |
+| ghostty-cli | 108 | 4 (Wine) |
+
+Before the fixes: cli 7, config 9, os 2, terminal 1, termio 15 failures and a
+link failure (below).
+
+`ghostty-termio/tests/exec_windows.rs` is the Windows counterpart of
+`exec_integration`: real `cmd.exe` children on a real ConPTY through
+`Termio` + `Thread` (`WaitForMultipleObjects` loop) + the pipe read thread
+against a real `Terminal`: `echo` output and exit status, `exit 7`, `Shell`
+command via `%WINDIR%\System32\cmd.exe /C`, interactive typing and exit code,
+120 KiB of input through the overlapped writer, resize messages
+(terminal + `ResizePseudoConsole`), `stop` terminating a running child,
+messages after exit, start failure shown in the terminal.
+
+## Bugs found and fixed
+
+* Link: `harfbuzz-sys` `bundled` is built without `HAVE_FREETYPE`, so
+  `hb_ft_font_create_referenced` was missing on Windows. `ghostty-font/build.rs`
+  now compiles `hb-ft.cc` against the bundled FreeType headers (Zig builds
+  HarfBuzz with FreeType). `cc` added as a build-dependency.
+* `std::fs::canonicalize` returns `\\?\C:\...` on Windows, Zig's `realpath`
+  returns `C:\...`; the verbatim form rejects `/` and is not usable as a
+  `cmd.exe` working directory. New `ghostty_os::path::realpath` strips it; used
+  by config path expansion, `+new-window`, `+validate-config`, kitty graphics
+  file loading, screen-file writes (faithfulness fix, not a Zig bug).
+* DEVIANT_FIXES 38: absolute Windows theme paths were rejected (`C:` looks like
+  a `light:`/`dark:` pair). DEVIANT_FIXES 39: `CreateProcessW` is called with a
+  literal `lpApplicationName`, so a bare `cmd.exe` argv[0] failed with
+  FileNotFound; PATH is searched first.
+* Tests with Unix assumptions fixed (platform-aware expectations, no product
+  change): shell-integration helpers (verbatim path, `;` PATH delimiter),
+  `xev::prefer(Iocp)` (Iocp is a candidate on Windows), i18n `init` (no-op on
+  Windows), kitty `/proc/` guard (POSIX only), config/theme/file-load
+  directory-open errors (Windows gives `AccessDenied` for a directory, matching
+  Zig 0.15 `OpenFile`; so `NotAFile` is `FileOpenFailed` there), path
+  separators, `light:`/`dark:` pairs need quoted backslashes (as in Zig),
+  `list_themes` file URIs (`file://C:%5C...`, as Zig's `toUri`).
+
+## Wine limitations (ignored with `wine:` reasons)
+
+* `ResizePseudoConsole` is a stub in Wine 11.19 (`fixme:console:
+  ResizePseudoConsole (100,40) stub, faking success`): the child never sees the
+  new size. `exec_windows::resize_is_applied_to_the_pseudo_console` is ignored;
+  the terminal-side resize and the API call are still tested.
+* `NtSetInformationFile(FileRenameInformationEx, REPLACE_IF_EXISTS|
+  POSIX_SEMANTICS)` is unsupported (`fixme:file:NtSetInformationFile
+  unsupported flags: 0x3`), so `std::fs::rename` over an existing file fails
+  with `ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED`. The four `ssh_cache` disk-cache tests (atomic
+  temp-file + rename) are ignored; real Windows supports it.
+* Wine's `cmd.exe` has no `mode con`, and its `findstr` ignores `/n`; tests use
+  a re-run of the test binary as console-size child and `%OS%` expansion.
+* Wine maps `/` to `Z:\`; tests on POSIX-looking paths account for it.
+
+## Not covered
+
+fontconfig/font discovery and the renderer/core/GTK crates are not run (no
+Windows apprt); ghostty-font links but its tests are not part of the run.
diff --git a/justfile b/justfile
index e495f07..c332134 100644
--- a/justfile
+++ b/justfile
@@ -282,6 +282,11 @@ check-macos target="aarch64-apple-darwin":
 check-windows:
     scripts/windows-crosscheck.sh
 
+# Run the Windows test suites under Wine (builds expat/FreeType/fontconfig for
+# mingw on the first run; see docs/rewrite/notes/windows-wine.md).
+test-windows-wine *args:
+    scripts/windows-wine-test.sh {{ args }}
+
 # Build, lint and test the wasm32 targets.
 check-wasm:
     scripts/wasm-check.sh
diff --git a/scripts/windows-wine-test.sh b/scripts/windows-wine-test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2ed7542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/windows-wine-test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Run the Windows test suites under Wine (x86_64-pc-windows-gnu + mingw-w64).
+#
+# Usage: scripts/windows-wine-test.sh [cargo test args, default: the core crates]
+#
+# First run builds expat + FreeType + fontconfig for mingw into
+# target/wine-deps/prefix (like Ghostty, from source; needs network for the
+# expat tarball unless EXPAT_TARBALL points at one, and the fontconfig source
+# from the zig package cache or FONTCONFIG_SRC). A dedicated WINEPREFIX lives in
+# target/wine-prefix. Headless: no display is needed for console tests.
+# See docs/rewrite/notes/windows-wine.md.
+set -euo pipefail
+cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
+ROOT="$PWD"
+D="$ROOT/target/wine-deps"
+P="$D/prefix"
+export RUSTC_WRAPPER= CARGO_BUILD_RUSTC_WRAPPER=   # kache breaks cc-rs
+export WINEPREFIX="$ROOT/target/wine-prefix" WINEDEBUG=-all WINEARCH=win64
+unset DISPLAY WAYLAND_DISPLAY
+
+build_deps() {
+  [ -f "$P/lib/libfontconfig.a" ] && return 0
+  mkdir -p "$D"
+  local ft expat fc
+  ft=$(echo "${CARGO_HOME:-$HOME/.cargo}"/registry/src/*/freetype-sys-0.23.0/freetype2)
+  [ -d "$ft" ] || { cargo fetch --target x86_64-pc-windows-gnu >/dev/null; ft=$(echo "${CARGO_HOME:-$HOME/.cargo}"/registry/src/*/freetype-sys-0.23.0/freetype2); }
+  fc="${FONTCONFIG_SRC:-}"
+  if [ -z "$fc" ]; then
+    for d in "$HOME"/.cache/zig/p/*/; do
+      grep -q "project('fontconfig'" "$d/meson.build" 2>/dev/null && fc="$d" && break
+    done
+  fi
+  if [ -z "$fc" ]; then
+    curl -sSLf -o "$D/fontconfig.tar.xz" https://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/release/fontconfig-2.14.2.tar.xz
+    tar -C "$D" -xf "$D/fontconfig.tar.xz"; fc="$D/fontconfig-2.14.2"
+  fi
+  if [ ! -d "$D/expat-2.6.4" ]; then
+    if [ -n "${EXPAT_TARBALL:-}" ]; then cp "$EXPAT_TARBALL" "$D/expat.tar.bz2"
+    else curl -sSLf -o "$D/expat.tar.bz2" https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat/releases/download/R_2_6_4/expat-2.6.4.tar.bz2; fi
+    tar -C "$D" -xjf "$D/expat.tar.bz2"
+  fi
+  x86_64-w64-mingw32-cmake -S "$D/expat-2.6.4" -B "$D/b-expat" -G Ninja -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$P" \
+    -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF -DEXPAT_BUILD_TOOLS=OFF -DEXPAT_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DEXPAT_BUILD_TESTS=OFF \
+    -DEXPAT_BUILD_DOCS=OFF -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release >/dev/null
+  cmake --build "$D/b-expat" --target install >/dev/null
+  x86_64-w64-mingw32-cmake -S "$ft" -B "$D/b-ft" -G Ninja -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$P" -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF \
+    -DFT_DISABLE_BROTLI=ON -DFT_DISABLE_BZIP2=ON -DFT_DISABLE_PNG=ON -DFT_DISABLE_HARFBUZZ=ON \
+    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release >/dev/null
+  cmake --build "$D/b-ft" --target install >/dev/null
+  cat > "$D/cross.ini" <<EOS
+[binaries]
+c = 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc'
+cpp = 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++'
+ar = 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-ar'
+strip = 'x86_64-w64-mingw32-strip'
+pkg-config = 'pkg-config'
+[host_machine]
+system = 'windows'
+cpu_family = 'x86_64'
+cpu = 'x86_64'
+endian = 'little'
+EOS
+  PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$P/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/pkgconfig" \
+  PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR="$P/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/pkgconfig" \
+    meson setup "$D/b-fc" "$fc" --cross-file "$D/cross.ini" --prefix "$P" --default-library static \
+      -Dtools=disabled -Dtests=disabled -Ddoc=disabled -Dnls=disabled -Dcache-build=disabled \
+      --wrap-mode nodownload >/dev/null
+  ninja -C "$D/b-fc" install >/dev/null
+}
+build_deps
+
+export PKG_CONFIG_ALLOW_CROSS=1 PKG_CONFIG_ALL_STATIC=1
+export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="$P/lib/pkgconfig" PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR="$P/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/pkgconfig"
+export CC_x86_64_pc_windows_gnu=x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc CXX_x86_64_pc_windows_gnu=x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ \
+  AR_x86_64_pc_windows_gnu=x86_64-w64-mingw32-ar
+export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_PC_WINDOWS_GNU_RUNNER=wine
+# `cfg(wine)` lets tests mark documented Wine limitations as ignored.
+export CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_PC_WINDOWS_GNU_RUSTFLAGS="--cfg wine"
+# libstdc++ (bundled HarfBuzz) / libgcc / winpthreads DLLs for the test exes.
+export WINEPATH='Z:\usr\x86_64-w64-mingw32\bin'
+
+CRATES=(-p ghostty-vt -p ghostty-unicode -p ghostty-datastruct -p ghostty-input -p ghostty-os
+  -p ghostty-config -p ghostty-terminal -p ghostty-crash -p ghostty-termio -p ghostty-cli)
+if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then CRATES=("$@"); fi
+wine wineboot -i >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+exec timeout "${WINE_TEST_TIMEOUT:-2400}" cargo test --target x86_64-pc-windows-gnu --no-fail-fast "${CRATES[@]}"
diff --git a/tests/list_themes_pty.rs b/tests/list_themes_pty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f43e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/list_themes_pty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+//! PTY-driven checks of the interactive `+list-themes` preview against the
+//! upstream Ghostty binary (`/usr/bin/ghostty`, skipped when absent): the
+//! same keystrokes must leave the same text on the screen.
+#![allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+
+use std::{
+    fmt::Write as _,
+    io::{Read, Write},
+    os::fd::OwnedFd,
+    path::Path,
+    process::{Command, Stdio},
+    sync::mpsc,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use ghostty_terminal::terminal::{Options, Terminal};
+use rustix::{
+    fs::{Mode, OFlags, open},
+    pty::{OpenptFlags, grantpt, openpt, ptsname, unlockpt},
+    termios::{Winsize, tcsetwinsize},
+};
+
+const ORACLE: &str = "/usr/bin/ghostty";
+const COLS: u16 = 100;
+const ROWS: u16 = 30;
+
+/// A spawned `+list-themes` session in a PTY.
+struct Session {
+    child: std::process::Child,
+    master: std::fs::File,
+    rx: mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
+    output: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Answer the primary device attributes query (ends vaxis' startup query).
+    reply_da: bool,
+    answered: usize,
+}
+
+impl Session {
+    fn spawn(exe: &str, envs: &[(&str, &str)], reply_da: bool) -> Session {
+        let master = openpt(OpenptFlags::RDWR | OpenptFlags::NOCTTY).unwrap();
+        grantpt(&master).unwrap();
+        unlockpt(&master).unwrap();
+        let name = ptsname(&master, Vec::new()).unwrap();
+        let slave: OwnedFd = open(
+            name.as_c_str(),
+            OFlags::RDWR | OFlags::NOCTTY,
+            Mode::empty(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        tcsetwinsize(
+            &master,
+            Winsize {
+                ws_row: ROWS,
+                ws_col: COLS,
+                ws_xpixel: 0,
+                ws_ypixel: 0,
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut cmd = Command::new("setsid");
+        cmd.args(["--ctty", exe, "+list-themes"])
+            .env("TERM", "xterm-256color")
+            .env("GHOSTTY_RESOURCES_DIR", "/usr/share/ghostty")
+            .env_remove("COLORFGBG")
+            .stdin(Stdio::from(slave.try_clone().unwrap()))
+            .stdout(Stdio::from(slave.try_clone().unwrap()))
+            .stderr(Stdio::from(slave));
+        for (k, v) in envs {
+            cmd.env(k, v);
+        }
+        let child = cmd.spawn().unwrap();
+        let master = std::fs::File::from(master);
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let mut reader = master.try_clone().unwrap();
+        std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            let mut buf = [0u8; 8192];
+            while let Ok(n) = reader.read(&mut buf) {
+                if n == 0 || tx.send(buf[..n].to_vec()).is_err() {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        Session {
+            child,
+            master,
+            rx,
+            output: vec![],
+            reply_da,
+            answered: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Collect output until the program has been quiet for `quiet`.
+    fn settle(&mut self, quiet: Duration) {
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(20);
+        while Instant::now() < deadline {
+            match self.rx.recv_timeout(quiet) {
+                Ok(chunk) => {
+                    self.output.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+                    if self.reply_da {
+                        let needle = b"\x1b[c";
+                        let count = self
+                            .output
+                            .windows(needle.len())
+                            .filter(|w| *w == needle)
+                            .count();
+                        while self.answered < count {
+                            self.answered += 1;
+                            self.master.write_all(b"\x1b[?62;4c").unwrap();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(_) => return,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn send(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
+        self.master.write_all(bytes).unwrap();
+        self.settle(Duration::from_millis(500));
+    }
+
+    /// The screen text after replaying everything received so far.
+    fn screen(&self) -> Terminal {
+        let mut t = Terminal::new(Options::new(COLS, ROWS)).unwrap();
+        t.vt_stream().next_slice(&self.output).unwrap();
+        t
+    }
+
+    fn finish(mut self) {
+        let _ = self.child.kill();
+        let _ = self.child.wait();
+    }
+}
+
+fn rows_of(t: &Terminal) -> Vec<String> {
+    t.plain_string()
+        .unwrap()
+        .lines()
+        .map(|l| l.trim_end().to_owned())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn have_oracle() -> bool {
+    Path::new(ORACLE).exists()
+}
+
+fn rust_exe() -> &'static str {
+    env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_ghostty")
+}
+
+/// Type `keys` in search mode and return the rows of the screen.
+fn search_screen(exe: &str, envs: &[(&str, &str)], keys: &[&[u8]]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut s = Session::spawn(exe, envs, true);
+    s.settle(Duration::from_millis(1500));
+    s.send(b"/");
+    for k in keys {
+        s.send(k);
+    }
+    let rows = rows_of(&s.screen());
+    s.finish();
+    rows
+}
+
+/// The text inside the search box (the row below the top border).
+fn search_box_text(rows: &[String]) -> String {
+    let i = rows.iter().rposition(|r| r.contains('\u{256d}')).unwrap();
+    // The box starts at column 20; its content follows the left border.
+    let inner: String = rows[i + 1].chars().skip(21).collect();
+    inner
+        .trim_end()
+        .trim_end_matches('\u{2502}')
+        .trim_end()
+        .to_owned()
+}
+
+/// Run a script of key presses in search mode and return the search box
+/// text after each one.
+fn search_trace(exe: &str, envs: &[(&str, &str)], steps: &[&[u8]]) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut s = Session::spawn(exe, envs, true);
+    s.settle(Duration::from_millis(1500));
+    s.send(b"/");
+    let mut out = vec![];
+    for k in steps {
+        s.send(k);
+        out.push(search_box_text(&rows_of(&s.screen())));
+    }
+    s.finish();
+    out
+}
+
+/// Compare Rust against the oracle (when present) and against `expected`.
+fn check_trace(steps: &[&[u8]], expected: &[&str]) {
+    let rust = search_trace(rust_exe(), &[], steps);
+    if have_oracle() {
+        let zig = search_trace(ORACLE, &[], steps);
+        assert_eq!(expected, zig.as_slice(), "oracle");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(expected, rust.as_slice(), "rust");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn word_navigation_and_edit_bindings_match_upstream() {
+    check_trace(
+        &[
+            b"blue red green", // type
+            b"\x1bb",          // Alt+B
+            b"X",
+            b"\x1b[1;3D", // Alt+Left
+            b"Y",
+            b"\x1bf", // Alt+F
+            b"Z",
+            b"\x1b[1;3C", // Alt+Right
+            b"W",
+            b"\x17",     // Ctrl+W
+            b"\x1b\x7f", // Alt+Backspace
+            b"\x01",     // Ctrl+A
+            b"\x1bd",    // Alt+D
+            b"\x1bd",
+            b"\x05\x0b", // Ctrl+E, Ctrl+K (no-op at end)
+            b"\x01\x0b", // Ctrl+A, Ctrl+K
+            b"ab cd",
+            b"\x02\x02\x04", // Ctrl+B x2, Ctrl+D
+            b"\x15",         // Ctrl+U
+        ],
+        &[
+            "blue red green",
+            "blue red green",
+            "blue red Xgreen",
+            "blue red Xgreen",
+            "blue red YXgreen",
+            "blue red YXgreen",
+            "blue red YXgreenZ",
+            "blue red YXgreenZ",
+            "blue red YXgreenZW",
+            "blue red",
+            "blue",
+            "blue",
+            "",
+            "",
+            "",
+            "",
+            "ab cd",
+            "ab d",
+            "d",
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn backspace_delete_and_cursor_move_by_grapheme() {
+    let cluster = "n\u{303}\u{323}";
+    let typed = format!("a{cluster}b");
+    check_trace(
+        &[
+            "xe\u{301}".as_bytes(),
+            b"\x7f", // Backspace removes e + U+0301
+            b"\x15",
+            typed.as_bytes(),
+            b"\x1b[D\x1b[D", // Left x2: before the ZWJ cluster
+            b"\x1b[3~",      // Delete removes the whole cluster
+        ],
+        &["xe\u{301}", "x", "", &typed, &typed, "ab"],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn search_folds_only_ascii_case() {
+    let cfg = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let themes = cfg.path().join("ghostty/themes");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&themes).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(themes.join("\u{c4}rger"), "background = #101010\n").unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(themes.join("zzplain"), "background = #101010\n").unwrap();
+    let envs = [("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", cfg.path().to_str().unwrap())];
+    // `Ä` matches the theme `Ärger` (exact bytes), `ä` does not (no
+    // Unicode folding of the theme name or the query).
+    for exe in [rust_exe(), ORACLE] {
+        if exe == ORACLE && !have_oracle() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let upper = search_screen(exe, &envs, &["\u{c4}".as_bytes()]);
+        assert!(
+            upper.iter().any(|r| r.contains("\u{c4}rger")),
+            "{exe}: {upper:?}"
+        );
+        let lower = search_screen(exe, &envs, &["\u{e4}".as_bytes()]);
+        assert!(
+            !lower.iter().any(|r| r.contains("\u{c4}rger")),
+            "{exe}: {lower:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// The (fg, bg) style of every cell of the active screen, as text.
+fn style_grid(t: &Terminal) -> Vec<String> {
+    use ghostty_terminal::{
+        page_list::Pin,
+        point::{Coordinate, Point},
+    };
+    let screen = t.screens.active();
+    let pages = &screen.pages;
+    let mut out = vec![];
+    for y in 0..pages.rows {
+        let pin = pages
+            .pin(Point::Active(Coordinate {
+                x: 0,
+                y: u32::from(y),
+            }))
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut row = String::new();
+        for x in 0..pages.cols {
+            let st = Pin { x, ..pin }.style(pages).unwrap();
+            let _ = write!(row, "{:?}/{:?};", st.fg_color, st.bg_color);
+        }
+        out.push(row);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn initial_styles(exe: &str, envs: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Vec<String> {
+    // No terminal replies of any kind: the scheme stays at its initial value.
+    let mut s = Session::spawn(exe, envs, false);
+    s.settle(Duration::from_millis(3000));
+    let grid = style_grid(&s.screen());
+    s.finish();
+    grid
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn initial_colors_are_light_and_ignore_colorfgbg() {
+    let plain = initial_styles(rust_exe(), &[]);
+    let dark_hint = initial_styles(rust_exe(), &[("COLORFGBG", "15;0")]);
+    assert_eq!(plain, dark_hint);
+    if have_oracle() {
+        let zig = initial_styles(ORACLE, &[("COLORFGBG", "15;0")]);
+        assert_eq!(zig, plain);
+    }
+    // Light: black on white (rgb) somewhere on screen.
+    let all = plain.join("");
+    assert!(all.contains("Rgb"), "{all}");
+}
+
+/// Run the preview with an unreadable user theme; returns the exit status
+/// (if the program exited by itself) and the final screen text.
+fn unreadable_theme_run(exe: &str) -> (Option<i32>, String) {
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+    let cfg = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let themes = cfg.path().join("ghostty/themes");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&themes).unwrap();
+    let bad = themes.join("unreadable");
+    std::fs::write(&bad, "background = #101010\n").unwrap();
+    std::fs::set_permissions(&bad, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o000)).unwrap();
+    let envs = [("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", cfg.path().to_str().unwrap())];
+    let mut s = Session::spawn(exe, &envs, true);
+    s.settle(Duration::from_millis(2000));
+    let _ = s.master.write_all(b"/a");
+    s.settle(Duration::from_millis(1000));
+    // Give a loaded machine time to reach (and exit from) the failure.
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(10);
+    let mut status = s.child.try_wait().unwrap();
+    while status.is_none() && Instant::now() < deadline {
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));
+        status = s.child.try_wait().unwrap();
+    }
+    s.settle(Duration::from_millis(300));
+    let code = status.and_then(|st| st.code());
+    let text = rows_of(&s.screen()).join("\n");
+    s.finish();
+    (code, text)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn load_file_error_exits_the_preview() {
+    let (code, text) = unreadable_theme_run(rust_exe());
+    let _ = text;
+    if have_oracle() {
+        let (zcode, ztext) = unreadable_theme_run(ORACLE);
+        let _ = ztext;
+        assert_eq!(zcode.is_some(), code.is_some());
+    }
+    assert!(code.is_some(), "the preview must have exited");
+}