diff --git a/programs/Makefile b/programs/Makefile
index 9e241357b..ac17caee8 100644
--- a/programs/Makefile
+++ b/programs/Makefile
@@ -134,8 +134,10 @@ else
 LZ4_MSG := $(NO_LZ4_MSG)
 endif
 
-# enable backtrace symbol names for Linux & Darwin
-BACKTRACE ?= 0
+# explicit backtrace enable/disable for Linux & Darwin
+ifeq ($(BACKTRACE), 0)
+DEBUGFLAGS += -DBACKTRACE_ENABLE=0
+endif
 ifeq (,$(filter Windows%, $(OS)))
 ifeq ($(BACKTRACE), 1)
 DEBUGFLAGS += -DBACKTRACE_ENABLE=1
diff --git a/programs/fileio.c b/programs/fileio.c
index a2d5af2c4..1eb9a1e0a 100644
--- a/programs/fileio.c
+++ b/programs/fileio.c
@@ -20,21 +20,6 @@
 #  define _POSIX_SOURCE 1          /* disable %llu warnings with MinGW on Windows */
 #endif
 
-#if defined(__has_feature) && !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) /* Clang compiler */
-#  if (__has_feature(address_sanitizer))
-#    define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
-#  endif /* __has_feature(address_sanitizer) */
-#elif defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__) && !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) /* GCC compiler */
-#  define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE)          \
-   && ((defined(__linux__) && defined(__GLIBC__)) \
-       || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) )
-#  define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 1
-#endif
-
-
 /*-*************************************
 *  Includes
 ***************************************/
@@ -46,9 +31,6 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <errno.h>      /* errno */
 #include <signal.h>
-#if defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) && (BACKTRACE_ENABLE >= 1)
-#  include <execinfo.h>   /* backtrace, backtrace_symbols */
-#endif
 
 #if defined (_MSC_VER)
 #  include <sys/stat.h>
@@ -176,8 +158,25 @@ static void clearHandler(void)
 /*-*********************************************************
 *  Termination signal trapping (Print debug stack trace)
 ***********************************************************/
+#if defined(__has_feature) && !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) /* Clang compiler */
+#  if (__has_feature(address_sanitizer))
+#    define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
+#  endif /* __has_feature(address_sanitizer) */
+#elif defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__) && !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) /* GCC compiler */
+#  define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 0
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE)          \
+   && ((defined(__linux__) && defined(__GLIBC__)) \
+       || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) )
+#  define BACKTRACE_ENABLE 1
+#endif
+
+
 #if defined(BACKTRACE_ENABLE) && (BACKTRACE_ENABLE>=1)
 
+#include <execinfo.h>   /* backtrace, backtrace_symbols */
+
 #define MAX_STACK_FRAMES    50
 
 static void ABRThandler(int sig) {